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CROCODYLIA
Crocodylidae Gray, 1825
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Crocodilus biporcatus raninus Müller & Schlegel, 1841
Crocodilus biporcatus; Müller, 1838:75 (part).
*Crocodilus biporcatus raninus Müller & Schlegel, 1839: pl. 3, figs 7, 8; Müller & Schlegel, 1841: 26.
Crocodilus porosus – Gray, 1844: 58 (part); Strauch, 1866 (part); Lidth de Jeude, 1898: 14 (part).
Crocodilus palustris; Strauch, 1866 (part).
Crocodylus raninus; Ross, 1990: 960; Ross, 1992: 401.
Lectotype: RMNH.RENA 3219, 1 juv. (alc.). Loc.: ‘Pontianak, Borneo’. Leg.: P. Diard.
Paralectotypes: RMNH.RENA 7939 + RMNH.RENA 21695 1 juv., respectively dry skin and skull + lower jaw (of the same specimen). Loc.: ‘op Java (…), omstreken van Tjikao’ [near Kao Tji, Jawa Barat, Indonesia]. Leg.: [H.] Boie and [H. C.] Macklot; RMNH.RENA 37489 (formerly Cat. ost. n, 68 cm), 1 skull. Loc.: ‘op Borneo (…) tot ver in de binnenland toe’ [interior of Borneo]. Leg.: S. Müller, 1836; RMNH.RENA 37493 (formerly Cat. ost. p, 46 cm), 1 skull. Loc.: ‘Tribuary of the Banjer River, Borneo’. Leg.: S. Müller, 1836.
Current name (according to Ross, 1990, 1992):
RMNH.RENA 3219 (lectotype) and RMNH.RENA 37493 (paralectotype) Crocodylus raninus Müller & Schlegel, 1841.
RMNH.RENA 37489 (paralectotype) Crocodylus porosus Schneider, 1801.
RMNH.RENA 7939 + 21695 (paralectotype) and 1 juv. SMF 8090 (paralectotype) Crocodylus siamensis Schneider, 1801.
Remarks.― Ross (1992) recognized three different species in the type series. RMNH.RENA 3219 and RMNH.RENA 37493 (Cat. ost. p) are the only specimens that belong to Crocodylus raninus. RMNH.RENA 37489 (Cat. ost. n) is a skull of C. porosus Schneider, 1801 and RMNH.RENA 21695 (+ RMNH.RENA 7939), as well as a syntype now in the Forschungsinstitut und Natur-Museum Senckenberg in Frankfurt (SMF 8090, juvenile, ex RMNH) belong to C. siamensis Schneider, 1801. Ross (1990: 960) revived Crocodylus raninus Müller & Schlegel, 1844 as a distinct species. In a following publication, he selected RMNH.RENA 3219 as lectotype, and RMNH.RENA 37493, RMNH.RENA 37489 (Cat. Ost. n), RMNH.RENA 21695, RMNH.RENA 7939 and SMF 8090 as paralectotypes (Ross, 1992: 401).
After the publication of both articles by Ross, the specimens referred to as RMNH ‘n’ and RMNH ‘p’ have been renumbered (now RMNH.RENA 37489 and RMNH.RENA 37493).
Ross (1992) provided new measurement for the skulls RMNH.RENA 37489 (64.5 cm) and RMNH.RENA 37493 (45 cm), which differ slightly from the sizes mentioned by Lidth de Jeude (1898). Lidth de Jeude (1898) under Crocodilus porosus, indicated both skulls Cat. Ost. n (= RMNH.RENA 37489) and Cat. Ost. p (= RMNH.RENA 37493) as: ‘ race à museau obtus’ [= race with the blunt snout] and gave lengths of respectively 68 cm and 46 cm.
RMNH.RENA 7939 (skin) and 21695 (skull + lower jaw) belong to the same juvenile specimen of Crocodylus siamensis, that apparently originally was mounted on a wooden pedestal (still present) until at least 1898, because the skull RMNH.RENA 21695 is not mentioned by Lidth de Jeude (1898) in the Catalogue Ostéologique. Apparently at a later date the skull and the stuffing were removed from the skin and skin and skull ended up with different registration numbers. It is not clear what happened to the rest of the skeleton, but no matching skeleton could be found in the RMNH collections. The dried skin of the specimen referred to as RMNH.RENA 21695 by Ross (1990, 1992) actually is numbered as RMNH.RENA 7939, while the skull of the same specimen remains RMNH.RENA 21695.
Temminck’s ‘Verhandelingen over de natuurlijke geschiedenis der Nederlandsche Overzeesche bezittingen, 1839-1844. Zoologie’, as mentioned above, was published in parts over a period of 6 years. Husson & Holthuis (1955) provide details on the publication dates of the parts containing reptiles. We here are concerned only with pages 1-28 which deal with crocodilians. Pages 1-8 and plates 1-3 were published on December 18, 1839, pages 9-28 on October 11, 1841. We have used these dates, instead of the generalised date 1844 found in the literature.
Pictures.― Müller & Schlegel, 1839: pl. 3, figs 7, 8.
† Crocodilus ossifragus Dubois, 1908
*Crocodilus ossifragus Dubois, 1908: 1269; Massimo & Vos, 2010.
Syntypes: (all material Java, Indonesia) RMNH.Dub 10, 5 teeth, Trinil; RMNH.Dub 11, skull, Trinil; RMNH.Dub 15, mandible, Trinil; RMNH.Dub 16, dentary, Trinil; RMNH.Dub 17, mandible, Trinil; RMNH.Dub 18, dentary, Trinil; RMNH.Dub 19, mandible, Trinil; RMNH.Dub 27, dentary, Trinil; RMNH.Dub 28, maxilla, Trinil; RMNH.Dub 53, angular, Trinil; RMNH.Dub 74, premaxilla, Trinil; RMNH.Dub 1477, 33 teeth, Trinil; RMNH.Dub 2005, tooth, Trinil; RMNH.Dub 2184, 57 teeth Trinil, RMNH.Dub 2707, 22 teeth, Trinil; RMNH.Dub 10111a, dentary, Trinil; RMNH.Dub 10544, mandible, Trinil; RMNH.Dub 1617b, pterygoid and ectopterygoid, Trinil; RMNH.Dub 45, skull, Bogo; RMNH.Dub 47, skull, Bogo; RMNH.Dub 50, premaxilla, Bogo; RMNH.Dub 6975, tooth, Jeruk; RMNH.Dub 33, 3 teeth, Kali Gedeh; RMNH.Dub 88, 2 teeth, Kali Gedeh; RMNH.Dub 12, skull, Kedung Brubus; RMNH.Dub 21, angular, Kedung Brubus; RMNH.Dub 46, maxilla, Kedung Brubus; RMNH.Dub 48, maxilla, Kedung Brubus; RMNH.Dub 2716, 10 teeth, Kedung Brubus; RMNH.Dub 9940a, osteoderm, Kedung Brubus; RMNH.Dub 42, maxilla, Kebon Duren; RMNH.Dub 42, maxilla, Kebon Duren; RMNH.Dub 12942, tooth, Kebon Duren; RMNH.Dub 29, premaxilla, Padas Malang; RMNH.Dub 13, skull, Teguan; RMNH.Dub 24, skull and mandible, Teguan; RMNH.Dub 37a, 6 dentaries, Teguan; RMNH.Dub 2706, skull, Teguan; RMNH.Dub 20, skull, Java; RMNH.Dub 36, tooth, Java; RMNH.Dub 43, maxilla, Java; RMNH.Dub 44, skull, Java; RMNH.Dub 51, skull, Java; RMNH.Dub 55, angular, Java; RMNH.Dub 2710, 4 teeth, Java; RMNH.Dub 8132, mandible, Java; RMNH.Dub 9945c, osteoderm, Java; RMNH.Dub 10318a, osteoderm, Java; RMNH.Dub 10341c, 3 osteoderms; RMNH.Dub 12945, skull, Java; RMNH.Dub 12946, skull, Java; RMNH.Dub 12948, jugal, Java; RMNH.Dub 12950, angular, Java; RMNH.Dub 12951, dentary, Java; RMNH.Dub 12952, premaxilla, Java; RMNH.Dub 1614, dentary, Java. All localities are of late Early Pleistocene or Middle Pleistocene age.
Current name: Crocodylus siamensis Schneider, 1801.
Remarks.― Dubois (1908) only gave a short diagnosis of this species. Janensch (1911) provided an extensive description of material of this species obtained by the German Trinil expedition. Müller (1923) synonymised Crocodylus ossifragus with the extant Crocodylus siamensis Schneider, 1801. A full description of the material in the Dubois collection is given by Massimo & de Vos (2010).
Pictures.― Massimo & Vos (2010): figs 6-9, 17S-29S.
Crocodilus (Gavialis) Schlegelii Müller, 1838
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Fig. 12. Tomistoma schlegelii, RMNH.RENA 3200, alcohol preserved embryo, syntype of Crocodilus (Gavialus) schlegelii. |
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Fig. 13. Tomistoma schlegelii, RMNH.RENA 3198, alcohol preserved egg, syntype of Crocodilus (Gavialus) schlegelii. |
*Crocodilus (Gavialis) Schlegelii Müller, 1838: 77, pl. 3; Müller & Schlegel, 1839: pls. 1-3; Müller & Schlegel, 1841: 18.
Tomistoma schlegelii; Lidth de Jeude, 1898: 13; King & Burke, 1989: 15.
Syntypes: RMNH.RENA 3198, 1 egg in alcohol, ‘Borneo’ [probably Lake Lamoeda, 8 days upstream river Doeson, Borneo, Indonesia], leg. S. Müller, 1837; RMNH.RENA 3200, 1 embryo (alc.). Loc.: ‘Borneo’ [probably Lake Lamoeda, 8 days upstream river Doeson, Borneo, Indonesia]. Leg.: S. Müller; RMNH.RENA 7934-5, 2 mounted ex. Loc.: ‘Borneo’ [probably Lake Lamoeda, 8 days upstream river Doeson, Borneo, Indonesia]. Leg.: S. Müller; RMNH.RENA 35444 (Cat. ost. b, 76 cm), 1 skull. Loc.: ‘Borneo’ [probably Lake Lamoeda, 8 days upstream river Doeson, Borneo, Indonesia]. Leg.: S. Müller, 1836; RMNH.RENA 35445 (Cat. ost. c, 70 cm), 1 skull. Loc.: ‘Dans d’un lac d’eau douce à l’intérieur de Bornéo’ [probably Lake Lamoeda, 8 days upstream river Doeson, Borneo, Indonesia]. Leg.: S. Müller, 1836; RMNH.RENA 35449, 1 dried egg. Loc.: none given [probably Lake Lamoeda, 8 days upstream river Doeson, Borneo, Indonesia]. Leg.: S. Müller; RMNH.RENA 39581 (Cat. ost. a, skull 63.5 cm, total 360 cm), 1 skeleton. Loc.: ‘Borneo’ [probably Lake Lamoeda, 8 days upstream river Doeson, Borneo, Indonesia]. Leg.: S. Müller.
Current name: Tomistoma schlegelii (Müller, 1838).
Remarks.― The type locality according to Müller (1838: 85) is ‘binnenlanden van Borneo’ [interior of Borneo]. Müller obtained eggs with embryos from a nest discovered by P.W. Korthals (also a member of the Dutch Natuurkundige Commissie) in September 1836, by Lake Lamoeda (Müller, 1838: 36). Of these eggs apparently only two survived till today: RMNH.RENA 3198 (alc.) and RMNH.RENA 35449 (dry). RMNH.RENA 35449 now is damaged (broken and partly repaired in April 2003). This egg was only found recently in the RMNH collection without any data, but it did agree completely in size and shape with the egg depicted by Müller & Schlegel (1841) and is assumed to be one of the eggs mentioned in the original description by Müller (1838) and in Müller & Schlegel (1841).
King & Burke (1989: 15) only mention RMNH.RENA 3200, 7934, 7935 and the skeletal material Cat. ost. a, b and c as syntypes.
Pictures.― Müller, 1838: 77, pl. 3; Müller & Schlegel, 1839: pls. 1-3.
Gavialidae Adams, 1854
† Garialis bengawanicus Dubois, 1908
*Garialis [= Gavialis] bengawanicus Dubois, 1908: 1269.
Syntypes: (all material Java, Indonesia) RMNH.Dub 1, 2 skulls, Trinil; RMNH.Dub 2, dentary, Trinil; RMNH.Dub 5, rostrum, Trinil; RMNH.Dub 7, mandible, Trinil; RMNH.Dub 8, dentary, Trinil; RMNH.Dub 9 + 1617a, skull, Trinil; RMNH.Dub 10, 86 teeth, Trinil; RMNH.Dub 34b, 33 teeth, Trinil; RMNH.Dub 246, 3 jugals and 2 skull fragments; RMNH.Dub 1473c, 162 teeth, Trinil; RMNH.Dub 1477, 2 teeth; RMNH.Dub 1615, 190 teeth, Trinil; RMNH.Dub 1616, skull table and 10 teeth; Trinil; RMNH.Dub 1618, supraoccipital, Trinil; RMNH.Dub 1620, dentary; Trinil; RMNH.Dub 1621a, dentary, Trinil; RMNH.Dub 1623, skull, Trinil; RMNH.Dub 2655, 68 teeth, Trinil; RMNH.Dub 6401, axis, Trinil; RMNH.Dub 33, tooth, Kali Gedeh; RMNH.Dub 37b, mandible, Kedung Brubus; RMNH.Dub 2716, tooth, Kedung Brubus; RMNH.Dub 6 + 25, mandible, Kedung Lumbu; RMNH.Dub 23, 2 splenials, Ngandjar; RMNH.Dub 4 + 32 + 2715, mandible, Pitu; RMNH.Dub 37a, dentary, Teguan; RMNH.Dub 1461a, 8 teeth, Teguan or Bogo; RMNH.Dub 1614, mandible, Java; RMNH.Dub 1621b, skull fragment, Java; RMNH.Dub 12947, skull fragment, Java; RMNH.Dub 15583, osteoderm, Java, RMNH.Dub 15584, 3 osteoderms, Java. All localities are of late Early Pleistocene or Middle Pleistocene age.
Current name: † Gavialis bengawanicus Dubois, 1908.
Remarks.― Dubois (1908) clearly wrote Garialis with a ‘r’ instead of a ‘v’. This is clear from comparison with other italicized names with a ‘r’ or a ‘v’. However, Dubois (1908) compared his Garialis bengawanicus with ‘G. gangeticus’, a species for which only the generic name Gavialis ever has been used. We therefore infer that the use of the ‘r’ instead of a ‘v’ was inadvertent, and due to misinterpretation of a handwritten manuscript by the printer. Therefore there are no nomenclatural consequences.
Dubois (1908) only gave a short diagnosis of this species. Janensch (1911) provided an extensive description of the material of this species obtained by the German Trinil expedition. A full description of the material in the Dubois collection is given by Massimo & de Vos (2010).
Pictures.― Massimo & De Vos (2010): figs 1-5, 2S-15S.