Zoologische Mededelingen, 86 (May 2012)M.J.P. van Oijen; G.M.P. Loots: An illustrated translation of Bleeker’s Fishes of the Indian Archipelago Part II Cyprini.

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261 STIRPS 3. – Barbini. – Barbels.

Cypriniform fishes with covered jaws, body oblong or elongate, compressed or slightly fusiform, anal ray simple, at the posterior side smooth, without teeth, pharyngeal teeth sparse, in one to three rows, never more than 12 on either side.

Remark. In the Barbines I place all Cheilognathines, which do not belong to the Catostomines and Cyprinines.

Above I already have pointed at the difficulties to arrange the more than 600 now known species of Barbines according to their natural relationships and to define the genera with the necessary sharpness.

Heckel’s attempt of a natural classification of the Cyprinoids, so little met the demands of a natural system, that he himself rejected it a few years later by the erection of his Temnochilae the genera of which in his earlier classification, in which the Cyprinoid genera accepted by him are mentioned with No. 1 to No. 54, occur on the numbers 5, 13, 18 to 23 and 27 to 30, surrounded by Cyprinines, Barbines and Catostomines. And even when one removes the Cyprinines and Catostomines from that list, as well as the genus Glossodon, which belongs to a different order, the Barbines in no way follow each other in a natural way. The sequence in which the Barbines in that case would occur, would be as follows.


1	Gibelion Heck.	13	Abramis Cuv.	25	Scardinius Bp.
2	Devario Heck.	14	Blicca Heck.	26	Idus Heck.
3	Rhodeus Ag.	15	Bliccopsis Heck.	27	Leucos Heck.
4	Systomus McCl.	16	Acanthobrama Heck.	28	Pachystomus Heck.
5	Barbus Cuv.	17	Osteobrama Heck.	29	Leuciscus Rond.
6	Labeobarbus Rupp.	18	Ballerus Heck.	30	Phoxinellus Heck.
7	Luciobarbus Heck.	19	Chela Buch.	31	Phoxinus Rond.
8	Schizothorax Heck.	20	Esomus Swains.	32	Argyreus Heck.
9	Aulopyge Heck.	21	Pelecus Ag.	33	Squalinus Bp.
10	Gobio Cuv.	22	Perilampus McCl.	34	Leucosomus Heck.
11	Tinca Rond.	23	Alburnus Rond.	35	Opsarius McCl.
12	Isocephalus Heck.	24	Aspius Ag.

Many of these genera since then have become better known, whereas others have been found untenable. Numerous other generic forms discovered since then, have thrown a new light on the relationships of 262 older ones, and because of that, this part of the knowledge of the Cyprines nowadays has got a totally different complexion.

Much can be said against the value of many of those new genera.

It is especially in the Barbines, that one has gone too far in creating new genera on the basis of insignificant changes in the dentition. Heckel in this was still overpassed by Agassiz and Girard.

Certainly the dentition also has its value for the systematic classification of the Barbines, but not in such a way that a small difference in the rows and shape of the teeth can be considered sufficient to multiply the genera while neglecting the remaining natural relationships, and it certainly will become apparent that many genera which are drawn up that way are untenable.

However, apart from the dentition, the Barbines offer various characters by which one is able to group them better than has been done till now.

One finds an excellent character in the shape of the anterior part of the body. In most Barbines the belly is flat anterior to the pelvic fins, offering a more or less broad surface on which one can observe 3 to more longitudinal scale rows. In rather numerous other species the belly is knife-like compressed, forming only a sharp keel instead of a flat undersurface, and the pelvic fins in these species are not implanted on the lower edge of the body, but on the flanks above the ventral keel. One can name both these groups Amblygastri and Oxygastri.

The Oxygastri comprise the 5 genera Smiliogaster Blkr, Culter Basil., Laubuca Blkr, Chela Buch. and Macrochirichthys Blkr, which could further be sharply characterized by the presence or absence of a serrated or unserrated dorsal spine, the placement of the dorsal fin above or in front of the anal fin, the structure of the jaws, the squamation, the shape of the lateral line and the ventral outline etc.

When searching for constant characters to split the Amblygastri in subgroups one encounters numerous difficulties.

Those characters cannot be found in the dentition, unless one would like to severe all natural relationships entirely.

Thus for instance one finds three rows of teeth in Barbus, Rohtee, Catla, Luciosoma, Opsarius, Rasborichthys, etc.; two rows of teeth in Meda, Aspius, Gobio, Argyreus, Phoxinus, etc.; one rowed teeth in Tinca, Aulopyge, Acanthobrama, Rhodeus, Esomus, etc., genera of which the natural classification is entirely different.

In the barbels one finds these characters still less and considered on its own these are even not sufficient in the determination of the genera, as in various natural genera, like Cyclocheilichthys, Hypselobarbus, Systomus, Luciosoma, 263 four, two, or no barbels are encountered in species of the same genus.

The same difficulties arise, when one tries the classification on other characters, e.g. the length of the dorsal or anal fin, the squamation, the position and size of the mouth opening, the size of the gill opening, the shape of the snout, the shape of the lateral line, etc.

Other characters which might be used with profit, like the peculiarities of jaw and lip structures, the shape of the anterior suborbital bones, the scaly dorsal fin sheath, etc., are by far not known of all genera, and therefore when one tries to apply these characters one soon encounters difficulties which cannot be lifted.

It appeared to me that the nature of the posterior undivided dorsal fin ray will be most useful for a general division of the Amblygastri.

I have split them on that basis in Acanthophori, and Anacanthophori. The presence or absence of a dorsal spine agrees most, although not totally, with the other natural relationships, and has the practical benefit of an easy recognition. However, here also transitions are found, although, as far as is known to me, only in the genera Labeobarbus and Systomus, where the dorsal spine in some species is so little developed, that its bony nature can be doubted.

To the genera that possess a dorsal spine belong Racoma McCl., Schizothorax Heck., Balantiocheilos Blkr, Amblyrhynchichthys Blkr, Albulichthys Blkr, Hampala V. Hass., Hypselobarbus Blkr, Systomus McCl., Cyclocheilichthys Blkr, Barbus Cuv., Labeobarbus Rüpp., Hemibarbus Blkr, Pseudophoxinus Blkr, Rohteichthys Blkr, Rohtee Syk., Acanthobrama Heck., Rhodeus Ag., Chanodichthys Blkr, Pseudoculter Blkr, Hemiculter Blkr, Aulopyge Heck. and Meda Gir., both last ones are very peculiar because of their scaleless body.

I have arranged those genera further by the being scaled or not of the body, the shape of the anal scales, of the lips, gill opening, snout, gape, interorbital bones, dorsal fin and anal fin, the being serrated or not of the dorsal fin spine, the existing or not of eye membrane, the arrangement and special shapes of the teeth etc.

The genera of the Anacanthonoti are remarkably more numerous than those of the Acanthophori.

Two of those genera are remarkable because of the presence of hexagonal cells or wart-like elevations on the jaws proper with at the same time scaleless chest areas. These genera are Cherus Swains. and Plargyrus Raf.

Another row of genera is remarkable by flat, more or less 264 spoon shaped lower jaws. Moreover, they are also related by general habitus, flat snout, more or less posterior eyes and their dentition. To these belong Catla Val., Thynnichthys Blkr, Hypophthalmichthys Blkr. and Amblypharyngodon Blkr. (Mola Heck.).

A third row of genera of the Anacathonoti is recognizable by a slender body with a low back and a dorsal fin that is placed above the anal fin. Luciosoma Blkr, Perilampus McCl. and Esomus Sws. belong to these. The genus Devario Heck., is also related to this series and is intermediate between it and the series of Catla.

A fourth natural series can be composed from a number of genera which have in common with each other a delicate scaled body, with a fleshy snout and a short dorsal fin that is placed before the anal fin, and an equally short anal fin. They all have also only one or two rows of teeth. In this series I place Tinca Cuv., Argyreus Heck., Chrosomus Raf., Tiaroga Gir., Phoxinus Ag. and Phoxinellus Heck., the last genus again is very remarkable by the absence of scales except only on the lateral line.

To this series naturally some genera with large scales link up like Sarcocheilichthys Blkr, Gobio Cuv. and Cirrhina Cuv.

In still another series head and snout are depressed, the body is slender, the back low and the dorsal fin short and placed before the anal fin. My genera Leptobarbus, Gnathopogon, Pseudorasbora and Rasborichthys can be reckoned among them.

The remaining genera of the Anacanthonoti still can be placed in two other less sharply separated groups.

Those of the first group have in common with each other a wide gape which extends till below the eyes, a more or less multi-rayed anal fin, a much curved lateral line and an acute snout with a terminal mouth opening. I am of the opinion that I have to place herein Elopichthys Blkr, Opsarius McCl. and the extremely closely related genera Aspius Ag., Gila Baird Gir. and Ptychocheilus Ag.

In the genera of the second group the gape is less large, sometimes even small, and the snout more convex and fleshy. They are in greater or lesser measure related to Aspius and a sharp demarcation line cannot be drawn.

It is especially in both these last groups, that a sharp definition of the genera is difficult and just like Gila and Ptychocheilus need to be more closely compared to Aspius, it is necessary, that the borders of the genera Abramis Cuv., Luxilus Raf., Alburnus Heck., Hybobsis Ag., Leucosomus Heck., Ceratichthys Baird, Semotilus Raf., Leuciscus Klein, Scardinus Bp., Alburnops Gir., Cyprinella Gir. and Cocoma Gir., hereafter still referred to as genera are more sharply defined than has been done till now, in order to be able to definitively regard them as natural genera, and this notwithstanding the fact that various other ones of the recently erected genera have already been reduced to the ones mentioned above.

265 Below I have tried to give a diagnostic review of all the genera of Barbines accepted in this work.

With regard to the geographic distribution of the genera of Barbines, the present state of science allows the following conclusions.

Proper to North America are Meda, Luxilus, Leucosomus, Alburnops, Cyprinella, Plargyrus, Semotilus, Ptychocheilus, Gila, Hybopsis, Ceratichthys, Tiaroga, Argyreus and Chrosomus.

Common to both hemispheres are only Leuciscus, Alburnus and Gobio, so that all other genera are proper to the Old world.

Of those genera exclusive for Europe are: Aulopyge, Scardinius, Phoxinus and Phoxinellus.

From Africa no genus is known, which not at the same time occurs in Europe or Asia, unless maybe the genus Opsardinius Peters that is completely unknown to me.

Europe, Africa and Asia have in common: Barbus, Labeobarbus and Alburnus.

Europe has in common with Asia only: Rhodeus, Abramis, Aspius, Tinca and Chela.

Asia has in common with Africa, but not with Europe: Systomus and Opsarius.

All remaining genera are proper to Asia, but many occur only on the Asiatic islands, in Japan and the Indian archipelago.

The Asian continent has in common with the Japanese islands only the genus Opsarius, and with the Sunda Islands: Labeobarbus, Systomus, Balantiocheilos, Amblyrhynchichthys, Hampala, Thynnichthys, Rasbora, Luciosoma, Chela and Macrochirichthys.

Proper to the Japanese islands are: Hemibarbus, Sarcocheilichthys, Pseudorasbora and Gnathopogon.

At last to the Sunda Islands are proper: Cyclochelichthys, Albulichthys, Rotheichthys, Leptobarbus and Rasborichthys.

The genera of the Barbines can be reviewed as follows:


1.	Amblygastri. Belly not sharp anterior to fins.
	1.	Acanthophori. Dorsal fin armed with a spine.
		a.	Body scaled.
			Ô	Anal scales larger than the other, small scales. Dorsal spine dentate. Nasal and upper jaw barbels present.
				O	Lower lip lobed.
Racoma McCl.
				O’	Lower lip not lobed. Teeth spoon-shaped 2.3.5/5.3.2.
Schizothorax Heck.
266			Ô’	Anal scales not larger than other scales
				Ó	Gill opening vertical, rather narrow, ending below gill cover. Dorsal spine serrated. No barbels. Lower lip hanging from the total margin of the jaw, forming a sac which is open only at the back. Teeth hooked/spoon-shaped 2.3.5/5.3.2. Scales large. Back angular.
Balantiocheilos Blkr.
				Ó’	Gill opening broad, ending below the preoperculum, or under the eye.
					†	Eyes largely covered by palpebral membrane. Dorsal spine serrated. No barbels. Scales large. Back angular. Lower jaw with a hooked tubercle at the symphysis.
						O	Snout truncate. Supermaxillary bones reaching the tip of the snout, and there hiding the back-folded intermaxillary bones. Anterior suborbital bone shoe-shaped. Caudal fin scaled only at the base. Teeth aggregated wedge-shaped 2.3.4/4.3.2.
Amblyrhynchichthys Blkr.
						O’	Snout convex, not truncate. Supermaxillary bones not reaching the tip of the snout. Anterior suborbital bone pentagonal. Caudal fin scaled for total basal half. Teeth incisors, lancet-like 2.3.4/4.3.2.
Albulichthys Blkr.
					†’	Eyes not covered
						O	Anal fin with few rays.
							aa	Gape large, oblique. Upper jaw and gill opening ending below the eye. Barbels 2, upper jaw barbels. Dorsal spine dentate. Scales large. Teeth spoon-shaped 1.3.5/5.3.1.
Hampala V. Hass.
							bb	Gape small or medium-sized, ending anterior to the eye.
							†	Snout and cheeks covered with tubercles or warts. Snout conical. Dorsal spine thin, toothless. Barbels 4, or 2 or none.
Hypselobarbus Blkr. (subgenus Hypselobarbus, Gonoprokopterus and Tambra Blkr.)
							†’	Snout and cheeks without tubercles or warts.
							∩	Scales large or medium-sized.
								*	Anterior suborbital bone pentagonal, pointing upward with the sharp tip. Postlabial groove parallel to the margin of the mouth on both sides, separated from the groove on the opposite side by the isthmus. Mouth anterior or slightly anterior. Scales 267 large. Barbels 4, or 2, or none. Dorsal spine dentate or toothless. Teeth not aggregated, in three rows, 8 to 10.
Systomus McCl. (subg. Barbodes, Capoëta and Systomus Blkr.)
					*’	Anterior suborbital bone triangular, pointing forward with the sharp tip, or elongate. Single postlabial groove parallel to the margin of the mouth.
						X	Dorsal spine dentate. Snout conical. Teeth spoon-shaped or slightly spoon-shaped, 7 to 10, in three rows.
							I	Dorsal fin with a scaled sheath at the base. Back elevated, angular. Cheeks with numerous parallel transverse stripes. V. 2/9.
Cyclocheilichthys Blkr. (subg. Cyclocheilichthys, Siaja and Anematichthys Blkr.)
							I’	Dorsal fin not scaled at the base. Back low. Barbels 4.
Barbus Cuv.
						X’	Dorsal spine without teeth. Scales large. V. 2/8.
							I	Barbels 4. Teeth spoon-shaped or slightly spoon-shaped, 7 to 10 in three rows.
Labeobarbus Rüpp.
							I’	Barbels 2, upper jaw barbels only. Teeth pointed, in one row 4/4.
Hemibarbus Blkr.
						^’	Scales small. No barbels.
							*	Dorsal spine without teeth. Dorsal fin scaleless at the base. Teeth with a rod-like neck 5/4.
Pseudophoxinus Blkr.
							*’	Dorsal spine dentate. Gill opening ending below the eye. Dorsal fin scaled. Teeth hooked-spoon-shaped 2.3.5/5.3.2.
Rohteichthys Blkr.
				O’	Anal fin elongate or slightly elongate, with several to many rays. No barbels. Mouth anterior or slightly anterior.
					aa	Dorsal spine dentate. Scales small. Teeth spoon-shaped 2.3.5/5.3.2.
Rohtee Syk. = Osteobrama Heck.
						+	Body oblong. Snout convex. Teeth 5/5.
				268		^	Lateral line ending at the base of the caudal fin. Scales small or medium-sized. Teeth with a rod-like neck.
Acanthobrama Heck.
						^’	Lateral line only visible on the anterior part of the body. Scales large. Teeth knife-like.
Rhodeus Ag.
					+’	Body slightly elongate. Snout very acute. Scales medium-sized. Lateral line slightly curved.
						^	Lower jaw not prominent. Back angular. Snout prolonged.
Chanodichthys Blkr.
						^’	Lower jaw prominent. Back low. Snout short.
Pseudoculter Blkr.
					+’’	Body elongate. Snout short. Scales medium-sized or small. Lateral line strongly curved.
Hemiculter Blkr.
		b.	Body scaleless.
			Ô	Dorsal spine dentate. Gape small. Nostrils simple on both sides. Barbels 4. Teeth lancet-like 4/4.
Aulopyge Heck.
			Ô’	Dorsal spine without teeth. Gape ending below the eye. No barbels. Teeth prehensile 1.4/4.1.
Meda Gir.
Anacanthonoti No dorsal spine. Body scaled.
		a	Jaws tumid, porous-verrucose or lacunose. Thoraco-gular region scaleless. Scales large. No barbels.
			Ô	Humeral bones strongly developed, bare. Dorsal fin starting behind ventral fins. Teeth hooked with a rod-like neck 4.5/5.4.
Chedrus Swns. = partly Pachystomus Heck.
			Ô'	Humeral bones normal. Dorsal fin starting above ventral fins. Teeth compressed, prehensile 2.4/4.2.
269 Plargyrus Raf. = Hypsolepis Baird
		b	Jaws covered with smooth skin.
			Ô	Lower jaw depressed, spoon-shaped. No barbels. Snout depressed. Mouth anterior. Teeth aggregated or molar, in three rows.
				Ó	Dorsal fin with many rays, anal fin with few rays. Scales large. Single postlabial groove. Lower lip hanging from the total margin of the jaw. Teeth aggregated 2.4.5/5.4.2.
Catla Val. = partly Gibelion Heck.
			Ô¹	Dorsal fin with few rays. Scales small. Eyes posterior or inferior.
				†	Anal fin with many rays, longer than dorsal fin. Gill cover ray-like rugose.
Hypophthalmichthys Blkr.
				†’	Anal fin with few rays, shorter than dorsal fin. Gill cover not rugose.
					O	Dorsal fin starting above or anterior to ventral fins. Teeth aggregated, the chewing surface oblique truncate, flat 2.4.5/5.4.2.
Thynnichthys Blkr.
					O’	Dorsal fin starting behind ventral fins. Teeth molar, the chewing surface oblong-rounded and transversely rugose 1.2.3/3.2.1.
Amblypharyngodon Blkr. = Mola Heck.
			Ô²	Dorsal fin and anal fin elongate, with many rays, dorsal fin largely opposite anal fin. No barbels.
				Ó	Scales large. Body oblong, elevated. Lateral line strongly curved downward, close to convex ventral line.
Devario Heck.
			Ô³	Dorsal fin completely or partly opposite anal fin. Back low. Scales large. Eyes placed behind or inside the tip of the snout.
				Ó	Gape broad, oblique, ending below the eye. Dorsal and anal fin with few rays, short, pectoral fins elongate. Four barbels, fleshy barbels or no barbels. Teeth slightly spoon-shaped or predatory 2.4.4/4.4.2 or 2.4.5/5.4.2.
Luciosoma Blkr. (subg. Luciosoma and Trinematichthys Blkr.)
				Ó’	Gape small, ending anterior to the eye. Four barbels, upper jaw barbels, rigid, setaceous.
					†	Lateral line strongly curved, close to the convex ventral line. Dorsal and anal fins with several to many rays, pectoral fins not elongate.
270 Perilampus McCl.
					†’	No lateral line. Nasal barbels close to upper jaw barbels. Dorsal and anal fin with few rays, short, pectoral fins elongate. Teeth acute, hardly curved 5/5.
Esomus Swns. = Nuria Val.
			Ô⁴	Scales small. Snout fleshy. Dorsal and anal fins with few rays, dorsal fin placed completely anterior to anal fin.
				Ó	Barbels 2, upper jaw barbels.
					†	Mouth terminal. Body oblong, compressed with an elevated, angular back. Teeth clavate 4/5.
Tinca Rond. Cuv.
					†’	Mouth inferior. Body elongate, fusiform with a low back. Predatory teeth, in one or two rows 1.4/4.2 or 2.4/4.2, or 4/4.
Argyreus Heck. = Rhinichthys Ag. = Agosia Gir.
				Ó’	No barbels. Body elongate, fusiform.
					†	Body scaled all over. Lateral line hardly curved. Mouth terminal.
						O	Teeth lightly hooked, with a thin chewing surface 5/5. Scales membraneous.
Chrosomus Raf.
						O’	Predatory teeth without chewing surface 1.3/3.1. Isthmus very wide.
Tiaroga Gir.
						O’’	Predatory teeth 2.4/4.2. or 2.5/4.2. Snout obtuse, convex. Mouth terminal.
Phoxinus Rond. Ag.
					†’	Body scaled only on the anterior part of the lateral line, with scales in one row.
						O	Teeth with a rod-like neck 5/4. Snout obtuse, convex. Mouth terminal.
Phoxinellus Heck.
			Ô⁵	Scales large. Snout fleshy. Dorsal and anal fins short, dorsal fin starting anterior to ventral fins and ending far anterior to anal fin. Gape small.
				Ó	Barbels 2, nasal barbels only. Snout not prolonged.
Cirrhina Cuv.
				Ó’	Barbels 2, upper jaw barbels only. Snout prolonged.
				Predatory teeth. 2.5/5.2. or 2.4/4.1 or 3.5/5.2.
271 Gobio Cuv.
				Ó’’	No barbels. Snout very fleshy, elevated. Lateral line nearly straight. Dorsal fin starting anterior to ventral fins.
Sarcocheilichthys Blkr.
			Ô⁶	Snout acute, depressed. Body elongate with a low back. Dorsal fin with few rays, placed anterior to anal fin.
				Ó	Dorsal fin starting above or hardly anterior to ventral fins. Scales large. Anal fin with few rays.
					†	Barbels 4, nasal and upper jaw barbels. Lips thin. Gape medium-sized, oblique. Lower jaw without tubercle at the symphysis. Lateral line curved. Teeth spoon-shaped, pluricrenulate on chewing surface 2.3.5/5.3.2.
Leptobarbus Blkr.
					†’	Barbels 2, upper jaw barbels only. Gape medium-sized, oblique. Lateral line nearly straight. Teeth?
Gnathopogon Blkr.
					†’’	No barbels. Lips very fleshy. Mouth superior, with a very short, vertical gape. Lateral line nearly straight. Teeth hooked-compressed 5/5.
Pseudorasbora Blkr.
				Ó’	Dorsal fin starting behind ventral fins. No barbels. Mouth anterior, with a medium-sized gape. Teeth in two or three rows.
					†	Anal fin with few rays. Scales large. Upper jaw at the symphysis with an incision taking in the inframaxillary symphysial tubercle. Eyes not covered by skin. Lateral line close to the ventral line. Teeth slightly spoon-shaped, hooked.
Rasbora Blkr.
					†’	Anal fin with many rays, much longer than dorsal fin. Scales medium-sized. Upper jaw without incision at the symphysis. Eyes largely covered by a palpebral membrane. Lateral line hardly curved. Teeth knife-like.
Rasborichthys Blkr.
			Ô⁷	Gape large, oblique, ending below the eye. Anal fin with several rays. Lateral line strongly curved. Snout acute. Mouth anterior.
				Ó	Nasal bones strongly developed. Lower jaw at the symphysis with a tubercle which is hooked at the tip. Swimbladder trilobed. Body elongate. Scales small or medium-sized. No barbels. Snout prolonged.
272 Elopichthys Blkr.
				Ó’’	Nasal bones normal.
					†	Pharyngeal teeth in two rows, predatory. No barbels. Dorsal fin starting behind ventral fins.
					O	Upper jaw emarginate at the symphysis, lower jaw prominent, with a tubercle at the symphysis entering the intermaxillary incision. Body elongate. Tail thin. Scales large or medium-sized. Teeth cylindrical.
Aspius Ag.
					O’	Scales small or medium-sized, unequal. Body elongate with a thin tail. Teeth compressed, lower jaw hooked?
Gila Baird Gir. = Tigoma Gir. = Cheonda Gir.
					O’’	Scales medium-sized, inequal. Lips fleshy. Body oblong or elongate. Tail robust. Teeth without chewing surface. Isthmus medium-sized.
Ptychocheilos Ag. = Clinostomus Gir.
					†’	Pharyngeal teeth predatory, in three rows 2.3.5/5.3.2 or 2.3.4/4.3.2. Belly convex, not lower than back. Barbels 4, or 2, or none. Scales large or medium-sized. Lateral line strongly curved.
Opsarius McCl. (subg. Shacra, Bendilisis, Opsarius Blkr).
			Ô⁸	Snout convex, not depressed. Scales large or medium-sized. Dorsal fin short.
				Ó	Anal fin with many rays, elongate, much longer than dorsal fin; dorsal fin starting behind ventral fins. Scales large. No barbels. Body strongly elevated. Teeth in one or two rows.
					O	Lateral line slightly curved. Belly behind ventral fins with a scaleless ridge.
Abramis Cuv. = Blicca Heck. = Ballerus Heck. = Bliccopsis Heck.
					O’	Lateral line strongly curved.
Luxilus Raf. = Stilbe De Kay = Richardsonius Gir.
				Ó’	Anal fin with many rays, longer than dorsal fin. Body slightly elongate, back not elevated. Upper jaw at the symphysis taking in tubercle of lower jaw in incision. Gape strongly oblique. Dorsal fin starting behind ventral fins. Belly ridged behind ventral fins. Lateral line strongly curved.
273 Alburnus Rond., Heck, = Alburnelles Gir. = Leucaspius Heck., Kner.
				Ó’’	Anal fin not elongate, shorter to hardly longer than dorsal fin.
					†	Snout strongly convex, slightly truncate, protruding anterior to the mouth. Dorsal fin starting above ventral fins. Scales large. Two barbels, upper jaw barbels or none. Lateral line nearly straight.
Hybopsis Ag. (Subg. Hybopsis Ag., Hudsonius Gir.)
					†’	Snout not truncate, not protruding anterior to mouth. Dorsal fin ending anterior to or above begin of anal fin.
						O	Two barbels, upper jaw barbels. Scales large. Body elongate or slightly elongate.
							aa	Gape rather large. Lateral line curved. Teeth in two rows.
Leucosomus Heck. = Cheilonemus Baird = Pogonichthys Gir. = Nocomis Gir.
							bb	Gape medium-sized. Lateral line nearly straight. Teeth in one row.
Ceratichthys Baird.
						O’	No barbels. Scales large or medium-sized. Teeth in one or two rows. Body oblong or elongate.
							aa	Gape rather large. Dorsal fin starting behind ventral fins. Eyes superior. Cheeks elevated. Lateral line slightly curved.
Semotilus Raf. (gen. Leucosomus Heck. strongly related)
							bb	Gape medium-sized or small. Body oblong or elongate.
							†	Dorsal fin starting above or hardly behind ventral fins. Lateral line slightly to strongly curved. Scales large or medium-sized.
Leuciscus Rond., Klein = Leucos Heck. = Squalius Bp. = Telestes Bp. = Telestes Bp.
							†’	Body oblong. Scales large. Lateral line moderately curved. Dorsal fin starting behind ventral fins.
Scardinius Bp. = Idus Heck.
							†’’	Scales large, deciduous. Snout thickened, protruding anterior to mouth. Dorsal fins starting above ventral fins. Lateral line nearly straight.
Alburnops Gir.
							†’’’	Scales high, short. Gape short. Lateral line moderately curved. Dorsal fin starting above or hardly behind ventral fins.
274 Cyprinella Gir.
							†’’’’	Scales medium-sized. Jaws equal. Lateral line slightly curved. Dorsal fin starting a little behind ventral fins. Isthmus rather wide. Teeth 4/4.
Codoma Gir.
II	Oxygastri. Belly sharp anterior to ventral fins. Body scaled. Fins: anal fin elongate, dorsal fin short. No barbels.
	1.	Dorsal fin armed with a spine. Pectoral fins medium-sized.
		a.	Dorsal spine serrated. Body oblong, with angular back and snout. Scales small. Lateral line nearly straight. Teeth compressed, with an oblique, truncate, plurituberculate chewing surface 2.2.4/4.2.2.
Smiliogaster Blkr.
		b.	Dorsal spine toothless. Body elongate with a low back. Dorsal fin placed between ventral and anal fins. Scales medium-sized or small. Lateral line strongly curved. Swimbladder three-lobed.
Culter Basil.
	2.	Dorsal fin without spine, completely or partly opposite anal fin. Pectoral fins elongate. Gape strongly oblique.
		a.	Outline of throat and belly convex in a regular manner. Lateral line strongly curved.
			Ô	Body oblong. Gape short. Upper jaw not emarginate at symphysis, lower jaw without tubercle at the symphysis. Scales large, nearly equal, scales on nape withdrawn to far behind the eye. Teeth predatory. 2.4.5/5.4.2.
Laubuca Blkr.
			Ô’	Body oblong or elongate. Scales large or small, unequal, scales on nape starting above the eye. Upper jaw with an incision at the symphysis, taking in the tubercle of the lower jaw. Predatory teeth, in two or three rows 2.4.5/5.4.2. or 2.5/5.2 or 4.4/4.4.
Chela Buch = Pelecus Ag.
		b.	Outline of throat and belly behind axilla strongly emarginate. Lateral line slightly curved.
			Ô	Body elongate. Scales small. Gape large, nearly vertical. Teeth predatory, slightly spoon-shaped 4.4/4.4. Pectoral fins elongate.
Macrochirichthys Blkr.

275 Barbini species known up till now.

next section


Racoma				labiata McCl.													Afghanistan.
''				brevis McCl.													Afghanistan.
''				Edeniana Blkr. = Schizothorax Edeniana McCl.													Afghanistan.
''				Ritchieana Blkr. = Schizothorax Ritchieana McCl.													Afghanistan.
Schizothorax						esocinus Heck.											Afghan., Cashmir.
''						micropogon Heck.											Cashmir.
''						planifrons Heck.											Cashmir.
''						Hügelii Heck.											Cashmir.
''						intermedius McCl.											Afghanistan.
''						? barbatus Blkr. = Schizothorax barbatus McCl.											Afghanistan.
''						? gobioides Blkr. = Racoma gobioides McCl.											Afghan. (Bamean riv.).
* Balantiocheilos							melanopterus Blkr. = Barbus melanopterus Blkr. = Systomus melanopterus Blkr.										Sumatra, Borneo, Siam.
* Amblyrhynchichthys									truncatus Blkr. = Barbus truncatus Blkr. = Systomus truncatus Blkr.								Sumatra, Borneo, Siam.
* Albulichthys						albuloides Blkr. = Systomus albuloides Blkr.											Sumatra, Borneo, Siam
*	Hampala					ampalong Blkr. = Capoeta ampalong Blkr.											Borneo, Sumatra.
*	''					macrolepidota V. Hass. = Capoeta macrolepidota Val. = Scaphiodon macrolepidotus Heck. = Systomus macrolepidotus Heck.											Jav., Sum., Born., Pin., Ten.
Hypselobarbus						(Hypselobarbus)							mussullah Blkr. = Barbus mussullah Syk.				Deccan.
''						( '' )							nancar Blkr. = Cyprinus nancar Buch. = Gibelion nancar Heck.				Bengal.
''						(Gonoproktopterus)								kolus Blkr. = Barbus kolus Syk. = Systomus kolus Heck. = Capoëta kolus Blkr.			Deccan.
''						(Tambra)					abramioides Heck. = Leuciscus abramioides Blkr.						Deccan.
Systomus ?					(Barbodes)						surkis Blkr. = Barbus surkis Rüpp.						Nile.
'' ?					( '' )						perince Blkr. = Barbus perince Rüpp.						Nile.
'' ?					( '' )						intermedius Blkr. = Barb. intermedius Rüpp.						Nile.
'' ?					( '' )						bynni Blkr. = Cyprinus bynni Forsk. = Cyprinus lepidotus Geoffr. = Barbus bynni Val.						Nile.
'' ?					( '' )						gobionides Blkr. = Barbus gobinoides Val. (or Barbus pallidus Smith ??) = Barbus gobioides Heck.						Cape of Good Hope.
276		Systomus					(Barbodes)					pallidus Blkr. = Barbus (Pseudobarbus pallidus Smith.					Cape of Good Hope.
		''					( '' )					Burchelli Blkr. = Barbus (Pseudobarbus) Burchelli Smith.					Cape of Good Hope.
		''					( '' )					callensis Blkr. = Barbus callensis Val.					Algeria.
		''					( '' )					setivimensis Blkr. = Barbus setivimensis Val. = Barbus leptopogon Ag.?					Algeria.
		''					( '' )					labecula Blkr. = Barbus labecula Val.					Palestine.
		''					( '' )					lacerta Blkr. = Barbus lacerta Heck.					Syria.
		''					( '' )					perniciosus Blkr. = Barbus perniciosus Heck.					Syria.
		''					( '' )					pectoralis Blkr. = Barbus pectoralis Heck.					Syria.
		''					( '' )					chalybatus Blkr. = Cyprinus calybatus Pall. = Barbus chlybatus Heck.					Caspean Sea.
		''					( '' )					arabicus Blkr. = Cyprinus arabicus Ehr. = Barbus arabicus Val.					Arabia.
		''					( '' )					kersin Blkr. = Barbus kersin Heck.					Syria.
		''					( '' )					rajanorum Blkr. = Barbus rajanorum Heck.					Syria.
		''					( '' )					Duvaucelii Blkr. = Barbus Duvaucelii Val.					Bengal.
		''					( '' )					capito Blkr. = Cyprinus capito Pall. = Barbus capito Val.					Georgia.
		''					( '' )					clavatus Blkr. = Barbus clavatus McCl. = Cyprinus chagunio Buch. sec. McCl. (1845) or rather a Cyclocheilichthys species ?					Bengal.
		''					( '' )					spilopholus Blkr. = Barbus spilopholus McCl. = Cyprinus chagunio Buch. sec. McCl. (1839); a Cyclocheilichthys? or a proper genus?					Bengal.
		''					( '' )					deliciosus Blkr. = Barbus deliciosus McCl.					Assam.
		''					( '' )					kadoon Blkr. = Russ. No. 260.					Hindustan.
		''					( '' )					gibbosus Blkr. = Barbus gibbosus Val.					Hindustan.
		''					( '' )					subnasutus Blkr. = Barbus subnasutus Val.					Hindustan.
		''					( '' )					kakus Blkr. = Kakoo or Karoo Russ. No. 205 = Barbus kakus Val.					Hindustan.
		''					( '' )					chrysopoma Blkr. = Barbus chrysopoma Val.					Hindustan.
		''					( '' )					roseipinnis Blkr. = Barbus roseipinnis Val.					Hindustan.
		''					( '' )					Polydori Blkr. = Barbus Polydori Val.					Hindustan.
		''					( '' )					sarana Blkr. = Barbus sarana Val.					Hindustan.
		''					( '' )					kunnamo Blkr. = Kunnamo Russ. No. 204 = Cyprinus sarana Buch. = Barbus sarana Val. in part = Barbus kunnamvo Heck.					Hindustan.
277		''					( '' )					immaculatus Blkr. = Systomus immaculatus McCl. = Barbus immaculatus Heck. = Cyprinus MacClellandi Val. = Barbus MacClellandi Val.					Assam.
		''					( '' )					gardonides Blkr. = Barbus gardonides Val.					Bengal.
		''					( '' )					sada Blkr. = Cyprinus sada Buch. = Gonorhynchus fimbriatus McCl. = Barbus sada Val. = Rohita? fimbriata Heck.					Bengal.
		''					( '' )					rododactylus Blkr. = Barbus rododactylus McCl.					Assam.
		''					( '' )					micropogon Blkr. = Barbus micropogon Val.					Hindust. (Mysore).
		''					( '' )					deauratus Blkr. = Barbus deauratus Val.					Cochin-China.
		''					( '' )					carassioides Blkr. = Barbus carassioides Heck. (description unknown to me).					Borneo.
		''					( '' )					balleroides Blkr. = Barbus balleroides Val.					Sunda Archip. ?
		''					( '' )					Schwanefeldi Blkr. = Barbus Schwanefeldii Blkr.					Sumatra, Borneo.
		''					( '' )					belinka Blkr.					Sumatra.
		''					( '' )					amblycephalus Blkr. = Barbus amblycephalus Blkr.					Borneo.
		''					( '' )					erythropterus Blkr. = Barbus erythropterus Blkr.					Java, Borneo.
		''					( '' )					bramoides Blkr. = Barbus bramoides Val. = Barbus bramoides Val. = Barbus wadon Blkr.					Java.
		''					( '' )					javanicus Blkr. = Barbus javanicus Blkr.					Java, Sumatra.
		''					( '' )					koilometopon Blkr. = Barbus koilometopon Blkr.					Java.
		''					( '' )					gonionotus Blkr. = Barbus gonionotus Blkr.					Java.
		''					( '' )					Huguenini Blkr. = Barbus Huguenini Blkr.					Sumatra.
		''					( '' )					hypselonotus Blkr. = Barbus hypselonotus V. Hass. = Barbus hypocoenatus Bull. Féruss. 1824 (Typographical error)					Java.
		''					( '' )					macrophthalmus Blkr. = Barb. macrophthalm. Blkr.					Java.
		''					( '' )					platysoma Blkr. = Barbus platysoma Blkr.					Java.
		''					( '' )					rubripinna Blkr. = Barbus rubripinna V. Hass. = Barbus rubripinnis Val. = Barbus orphoides Val. = Barbus gardonides Val. (specimen from Java) = Barbus sarananella Blkr.					Java, Siam.
		''					( '' )					bunter Blkr. = Barbus bunter Blkr.					Java.
		''					( '' )					tetrazona Blkr. = Barbus tetrazona Blkr.					Borneo.
		''					( '' )					lateristriga Blkr. = Barbus lateristriga Val.					Jav., Sum., Bom., Bank., Bil.
		''					( '' )					fasciatus Blkr. = Barbus fasciatus Blkr.					Sumatra, Banka, Borneo.
		''					( '' )					obtusirostris Blkr. = Barbusobtusirostris V. Hass.					Java.
		''					( '' )					maculatus Blkr. = Barbus maculatus V. Hass. = Barbus binotatus Kuhl. = Barbus oresigenes Blkr. 278 = Barbus blitonensis Blkr. = Barbus kusanensis Blkr. = Barbus polyspilos Blkr.					Jav., Bali, Sum., Bilit., Bank., Bint., Nias, Borneo.
*		''					( '' )					goniosoma Blkr.					Sumatra.
		''					( '' )					marginatus Blkr. = Barbus marginatus Val.					Java, Sumatra.
		''					(Capoëta)					beso Blkr. = Varicorhinus beso Rüpp. = Systomus beso Heck. = Labeo varicorhinus Val.					Nile.
		''					( '' )					luteus Blkr. = Systomus luteus Heck.					Syria.
		''					( '' )					albus Blkr. = Systomus albus Heck.					Syria.
		''					( '' )					amphibius Blkr. = Capoëta amphibia Val. = Scaphiodon amphibia Heck.					Hindustan.
		''					( '' )					chola Blkr. = Cyprinus chola Buch. = Systomus chola McCl. = Capoëta chola Blkr.					Bengal.
		''					( '' )					chrysosomus Blkr. = Systomus chrysosomus McCl.					Bengal.
		''					( '' )					padangensis Blkr. = Capoëta padangensis Blkr.					Sumatra.
		''					( '' )					sumatranus Blkr. = Capoëta tetrazona Blkr.					Sumatra.
		''					( '' )					brevis Blkr. = Capoëta brevis Blkr.					Java.
		''					( '' )					leiacanthus Blkr. = Capoëta javanica Blkr.					Java.
		''					( '' )					oligolepis Blkr. = Capoëta oligolepis Blkr.					Sumatra.
		''					(Systomus)					chrysopterus McCl.					Bengal.
		''					( '' )					guganio Blkr. = Cyprinus guganio Buch.					Bengal.
		''					( '' )					tictis Blkr. = Cyprinus tictis Buch.					Bengal.
		''					( '' )					puntio Blkr. = Cyprinus puntio Buch.					Bengal.
		''					( '' )					Duvaucelii Blkr. = Leuciscus Duvaucelii Val., Poiss. fig. 491 p. 71 (not pag. 58 which species is quite different.)					Bengal.
		''					( '' )					terio Val. = Cyprinus terio Buch. = Cyprinus teripungti Buch. = Systomus gibbosus McCl.					Bengal.
		''					( '' )					sophore McCl. = Cyprinus sophore Buch. = Barbus sophore Val.					Bengal.
		''					( '' )					phutunio Val. = Cyprinus phutunio Buch. = Cyprinus phutunipungto Buch. = Systomus leptosomus McCl.					Bengal.
		''					( '' )					siamensis Casteln. Mss.					Siam.
		''					( '' )					gelius McCl. = Cyprinus gelius Buch. = Cyprinus canius Buch. = Cyprinus ranipungti Buch. = Systomus canius McCl.					Bengal.
		''					( '' )					ticto McCl. = Cyprinus ticto Buch. = Cyprinus bimaculatus Buch. Ap. McCl. = Rohtee ticto Syk. = Systomus bimaculatus McCl.					Bengal, Deccan
279		*		Systomus					(Systomus)					cosuatis Blkr. = Cyprinus cosuatis Buch. = Cyprinus coswati Buch. = Systomus malacopterus McCl = Leuciscus cosuatis Val.			Bengal.
				''					( '' )					conchonius Val. = Cyprinus conchonius Buch.			Belgal.
				''					( '' )					pyrrhopterus McCl.			Assam.
				''					( '' )					titius Val. = Cyprinus titius Buch. = Systomus tetrarupagus McCl.			Assam.
				''					( '' )					stigma Blkr. = Leuciscus stigma Val.			Mysore.
				''					( '' )					sulphureus Blkr. = Leuciscus sulphureus Val.			Mysore.
				''					( '' )					filamentosus Blkr. = Leuciscus filamentosus Val.			Hindustan.
				''					( '' )					tripunctatus Blkr. = Systomus tripunctatus Jerdon.			Hindustan.
				''					( '' )					pangut Heck. = Rohtee pangut Syk.			Deccan.
				''					( '' )					mahecola Blkr. = Leuciscus mahecola Val.			East Hindustan.
				''					( '' )					presbyter Blkr. = Leuciscus presbyter Val.			East Hindustan.
				''					( '' )					thermalis Blkr. = Leuciscus thermalis Val.			Ceylon.
				''					( '' )					binotatus Blkr. = Leuciscus binotatus Blyth.			Ceylon.
		*		''					( '' )					Waandersi Blkr.			Java.
		*		''					( '' )					bulu Blkr.			Sumatra, Borneo, Siam.
		*		''					( '' )					lawak Blkr.			Java.
*	Cyclocheilichthys								(Cyclocheilichthys)							armatus Blkr. = Barbus armatus Val. = Barbus Valenciennesi Blkr.	Java, Sumatra, Siam?
*	''								( '' )							enoplos Blkr. = Barbus enoplos Blkr.	Java.
*	''								( '' )							macracanthus Blkr. = Barbus macracanthus Blkr.	Sumatra.
*	''								( '' )							repasson Blkr. = Barbus repasson Blkr.	Sumatra.
*	''								(Siaja)			Deventeri Blkr. = Capoëta Deventeri Blkr.					Java.
*	''								( '' )			heteronema Blkr. = Barbus heteronema Blkr.					Borneo.
*	''								( '' )			macropus Blkr.					Borneo.
*	''								( '' )			microlepis Blkr. = Capoëta microlepis Blkr.					Sumatra, Borneo.
*	''								( '' )			siaja Blkr. = Capoëta siaja Blkr. = Capoëta enoplos Blkr.					Sumatra, Borneo.
*									(Anematichthys)						apogon Blkr. = Barbus apogon Kuhl. = Systomus apogon Val.		Jav., Sum., Borneo, Banka.
*	''								( '' )						apoganides Blkr. = Systomus apogonides Blkr.		Java.
*	''								( '' )						janthochir Blkr. = Systomus janthochir Blkr.		Borneo.
Labeobarbus						caninus Blkr. = Barbus caninus Val.											Europa.
''						Petenyi Blkr. = Barbus Petenyi Heck. = Pleudobarbus Leonhardi Bielz.
''						Canalii Blkr. = Barbus Canalii Val.											Europe.
''						fucini Blkr. = Barbus fucini Gosta.											Europe.
280		Labeobarbus						peleponesius Blkr. = Barbus peleponesius Val. =
		''						Barbus peleponensis Heck.									Europe (Greece).
		''						canis Blkr. = Barbus canis Val. = Luciobarbus canis Heck.									Palestina.
		''						longiceps Blkr. = Barbus longiceps Val. = Luciobarbus longiceps Heck.									Palestina.
		''						Kotschyi Blkr. = Barbus Kotschyi Heck.									Syria.
		''						grypus Blkr. = Barbus grypus Heck.									Syria.
		''						nedgia Rüpp.									Nile.
		''						affinis Blkr. = Barbus affinis Rüpp. = Luciobarbus affinis Heck.									Nile.
		''						elongatus Blkr. = Barbus elongatus Rüpp. = Luciobarbus elongatus Heck.									Nile.
		''						gorguari Blkr. = Barbus gorguari Rüpp. = Luciobarbus gorguari Heck.									Nile.
		''						capensis Blkr. = Barb. (Cheilobarbus) capensis Smith.									Cape of Good hope.
		''						marequensis Blkr. = Barbus (Cheilobarbus) marequensis Smith.									Cape of Good hope.
		''						macrolepis Heck.									Cashmir.
		''						khudree Blkr. = Barbus khudree Syk.									Decean.
		''						chelynoides Blkr. = Barbus chelynoides McCl. = Barbus cheilynoides McCl.									Bengal.
		''						macrocephalus Blkr. = Barbus macrocephalus McCl.									Assam.
		''						hexagonolepis Blkr. = Barbus hexagonolepis McCl.									Assam.
		''						mosal Blkr. = Cyprinus mosal Buch. = Barbus mosal Val. = Barbus megalepis McCl.									Bengal.
		''						tor Blkr. = Cyprinus tor Buch. = Tor Hamiltonii Gr. = Barbus hexastichus McCl. = Barbus tor Val.									Bengal.
		''						progeneias Val. = Cyprinus tor Buch. Coll. sec. McCl. = Barbas progeneius McCl.									Bengal.
		''						putitora Blkr. = Cyprinus putitora Buch. = Barbus putitora McCl.									Bengal, China.
		''						spinulosus Blkr. = Barbus spinulosus McCl.									China?
		''						douronensis Blkr. = Barbus douronensis Val. = Barbus douronensis Heck.									Java, Sumatra.
		''						soro Blkr. = Barbus soro Val.									Java, Sumatra.
		''						tambroides Blkr.									Java, Sumatra.
		''						zambezensis Pet. (only the name known to me).									Africa (Mossamb.)
Barbus				vulgaris Flem. = Cyprinus barbus L. = Cyprinus barba 281 Hartm. = Barbus communis Cuv. = Barbus fluviatilis Ag.													Europe.
Barbus				Mayori Val.													Europe.
''				plebejus Bp. = Barbus tiberinus Bp.													Europe.
''				eques Bp. = Cyprinus barbus ? Nardo.													Europe.
''				leptopogon Bp.													Europe.
''				scincus Heck.													Syria.
''				? longus Heck. (description unknown to me)													Syria.
''				barbulus Heck.													Syria, Persia.
''				mystaceus Blkr. = Cyprinus mursa Güldenst.? = Luciobarbus nuptaceus Heck.													Syria, Casp. sea.
''				schejch Blkr. = Luciobarbus schejch Heck. = Luciobarbus schech Heck.													Syria.
''				esocinus Blkr. = Luciobarbus esocinus Heck.													Syria.
''				xanthopterus Blkr. = Luciobarbus xanthopterus Heck.													Syria.
''				paludinosus Pet. (only the name known to me)													Africa (Mossamb.).
''				gibbosus Pet. (only the name known to me)													Africa (Mossamb.).
''				inermis Pet. (only the name known to me													Africa (Mossamb.).
''				trimaculatus Pet. (only the name known to me)													Africa (Mossamb.).
''				radiatus Pet. (only the name known to me)													Africa (Mossamb.).
Opsaridium zambezense Pet. (only the name known to me, place?)																	Africa (Mossamb.).
Hemibarbus barbus Blkr. = Gobio barbus T. Schl.																	Japan.
Pseudophoxinus zeregi Blkr. = Phoxinellus zeregi Heck.																	Syria.
Rohteichthys						microlepis Blkr. = Barbus microlepis Blkr. = Systomus microlepis Blkr. = Rohtee microlepis Blkr.											Sumatra, Borneo.
Rohtee				Ogilbii Syk. = Osteobrama Ogilbii Heck.													Deccan.
''				Vigorsii Syk. = Osteobrama Vigorsii Heck.													Deccan.
''				Alfredianus Blkr. = Leuciscus Alfredianus Val. = Leuciscus Duvaucelii Val. (Poiss. XVII p. 58 not pag. 71 fig. 491).													Deccan.
''				cotis Blkr. = Cyprinus cotis Buch. = Cyprinus cotio Buch. = Abramis gangeticus Swns. = Osteobrama cotis Heck. = Leuciscus cotio Val.													Bengal.
''				chrysops Blkr. = Leuciscus chrysops Val.													Bengal.
''				Blythi Blkr. = Systomus microlepis Blyth (not Blkr).													Bengal?
''				bramuia Blkr. = Abramis bramuia Val.													China.
''				termnalis Blkr. = Abramis terminalis Richds.													China.
''				rhomboidalis Blkr. = Abramis rhomboidalis Richds. = Leuciscus rhomboidalis Val.													China.
282		Acanthobrama							centisquama Heck. = Trachibrama centisquama Heck.								Syria.
		''							marmid Heck. = Trachibrama marmid Heck.								Syria.
		''							cupida Heck. = Trachibrama cupida Heck.								Syria.
		''							arrhada Heck. = Trachibrama arrhada Heck.								Syria.
		''							pekinensis Blkr. = Abramis pekinensis Bas.								China.
		''							mantschurica Blkr. = Abramis mantschuricus Bas.								Mongol., Mantschuria.
Rhodeus				amarus Ag. = Alburnus Ausonii Marsigl. = Cyprinus amarus L. = Leuciscus amarus Cuv.													Europe, Asia minor.
Chanodichthys						mongolicus Blkr. = Leptocephalus mongolicus Bas.											Mongolia, Mantshur.
''						? argenteus Blkr. = Leuciscus argenteus Bas.											China.
''						? aethiops Blkr. = Leuciscus aethiops Bas.											China.
Pseudoculter						pekinensis Blkr. = Culter pekinensis Bas.											China.
''						exiguus Blkr. = Culter exiguus Bas.											China.
Hemiculter leucisculus Blkr. = Culter leucisculus Bas.																	China.
Aulopyge Hügelii Heck.																	Europe (Rosnia, Dalmat.)
Meda fulgida Gir.																	N. Am. (Rio San Pedro).
Chedrus				chedra Blkr. = Cyprinus chedra Buch. = Chedrus Grayi Swns. = Pachystom. chedra Heck. = Leuciscus chedra McCl.													Bengal.
''				tila Blkr. = Cyprinus tila Buch. = Pachystomus tila Heck. = Leuciscus tila Val.													Bengal.
''				apiatus Blkr. = Cyprinus apiatus Val. = Leuciscus apiatus McCl. = Pachystomus apiatus Heck.													Bengal.
''				brachiatus Blkr. = Leuciscus brachiatus McCl. = Leuciscus branchiatus McCl. = Pachystomus brachiatus Heck.													Bengal.
Plargyrus					cornutus Gill. = Cyprinus cornutus Mitch. = Cyprinus rubripinnis Mus. Par. = Leuciscus cornutus De Kay = Hypsolepis cornutus Baird = Argyreus rubripinnis Heck.												N. Am. (New. Britt, Ind. Lake, etc.)
''					typicus Gill. = Rutilus plargyreus Raf. = Leuciscus plargyrus Kirtl.												N. Am. (Ohio).
''					gibbosus Gir. = Leuciscus gibbosus Stor. = Hypsolepis gibbosus Ag.												N. Am. (Alabama etc)
''					frontalis Gill. = Leuciscus frontalis Ag. = Hypsolepis frontalis Ag.												N. Am (L. Superior)
''					gracilis Gir. = Leuciscus gracilis Ag.												N. Am. L. Huron)
''					Bowmani Gill.												N. Am. (Nebrasca)
''					argentatus Gill.												N. Am. (James riv.)
Catla Buchanani Val. = Cyprinus catla Buch. = Gibelion 283 catla Heck.																	Bengal.
Hypophthalmichthys									molitrix Blkr. = Leuciscus molitrix Val. = Leuciscus hypophthalmus Gray, Richds.								China.
''									mantschuricus Blkr. = Cephalus mantschuricus Bas.								Mongol., Mantschur.
''									nobilis Blkr. = Leuciscus nobilis Gray.								China.
''									? idella. = Leuciscus idella Val.? = Aspius? vel Idus? idella Richds.								China.
''									? piceus Blkr. = Leuciscus piceus Richds.								China.
''									? aeneus Blkr. = Leuciscus aeneus Val.								China.
*	Thynnichthys							thynnoides Blkr. = Leuciscus thynnoides Blkr.									Sumatra.
	''							polylepis Blkr.									Sumatra, Borneo.
	''							harenguIa Blkr. = Leuciscus harengula Val.									Pegu.
	''							? jesella Blkr. = Leuciscus jesella Val.									China.
	''							? rosetta Blkr. = Leuciscus rosetta Val.									China.
	''							? xanthurus Blkr. = Leuciseus xanthurus Richds. = Aspius? xanthurus Richds.									China.
*	Amblypharyngodon									mala Blkr. = Cyprinus mola Buch. = Leuciscus mala McCl. = Opsarius mola Heck. = Mola mala Heck. = Leuciscus pellucidus McCl.							Bengal.
	''									microlepis Blkr. = Leuciscus microlepis Blkr.							Bengal.
	''									melettina Blkr. = Leuciscus melettina Val.							East Hindustan.
Devario				Buchanani Blkr. = Cyprinus devario Buch. = Cyprinus devarid Buch. = Devario devario Heck.													Bengal.
''				cyanotaenia Blkr. = McCl., Ind. Cypr. As. Res. XIX tab. 56 fig. 9.													Bengal.
''				MacClellandi Blkr. = McCl., Ind. Cypr. As. Res. XIX tab. 56. fig. 8.													Bengal.
''				ostreographus Blkr. = Perilampus ostreographus McCl. = Devario osteographus Heck.													Assam.
*	Luciosoma						(Luciosoma)					setigerum Blkr. = Barbus setigerus Val. = Barbus podonemus Blkr.					Java, Sumatra.
*	''						( '' )					spilopleura Blkr.					Sumatra, Siam.
*	''						(Trinematichthys)							trinema Blkr. = Leuciscus trinema Blkr.			Sumatra, Borneo.
Perilampus					rerio Blkr. = Cyprinus rerio Buch. = Perilampus Striatus McCl. = Nuria rerio Val. = Esomus striatus Heck.												Bengal.
''					dangila Blkr. = Cyprinus dangila. Buch. = Perilampus reticulatus McCl. = Esomus reticulatus McCl.												Bengal.
''					? lineolatus Blkr. = Leuciscus lineolatus Blyth.												Darjeling.
284		Esomus					danrica Heck. = Cyprinus danrica Buch. = Cyprinus Danrua Buch. = Cyprinus sutiha Buch. = Cyprinus jogia Buch. = Esomus vittatus Swns. = Esomus danrua Heck. = Perilampus recurvirostris McCl. = Perilampus macropterus McCl. = Perilampus macrourus McCl. = Nuria danrica Val. = Cyprin danrica, Cyprin jogia and Cyprin sutiha Val.										Bengal.
		''					thermoicos Heck. = Nuria thermoicos Val.										Ceylon.
		''					thermophilus Heck. = Perilampus thermophilus McCl. = Nuria thermophylos Val.										Bengal.
Tinca			vulgaris Cuv. = Cyprinus tinca L. = Tinca chrysitis Ag. = Tinca italica Bp.														Europe. Asia minor.
''			? perennurus Heck. = Cyprinus perenurus Pall. = Leuciscus pernurus Val.														Siberia.
Argyreus				atronasus Heck. = Cyprinus atronasus Mitch. = Leuciscus atronasus Stor. = Rhinichthys atronasus Ag.													N. Am. (N. Y. Massach.)
''				marmoratus Gill. = Rhinichthys marmoratus Ag.													N. Am. (L. Superior.)
''				nasutus Gir. = Leuciscus nasutus Ayr. = Rhinichthys nasutus Ag. = Chondrostoma? nasutum Heck.													N. Am. (Massach. Conn.)
''				obtusus Gir. = Rhinichthys obtusus Ag.													N. Am. (Huntsville).
''				meleagris Gill. = Rhinichthys meleagris Ag.													N. Am. (Iowa).
''				dulcis Gill.													N. Am. (Nebraska).
''				nubilus Gir.													N. Am. (Puget-sound).
''				osculus Gill.													N. Am. (San Pedro riv.).
''				notabilis Gill.													N. Am. (St. Cruz, Sonora).
''				chrysogaster Blkr. = Agosia chrysogaster Gill.													N. Am. (St. Cruz).
''				metallicus Blkr. = Agosia metallica Gir.													N. Am. (San Pedro riv).
Chrosomus					erythrogaster Raf. = Luxilus erythrogaster Kirtl. = Leuciscus erythrogaster Stor. = Rutilus? ruber Raf.												N. Am. (Ohio, Tennesee, Osag.).
Tiaroga cobitis Gill.																	N. Am. (San Pedro riv.).
Phoxinus				Belonii Aldv. = Cobitis fluviatilis Marsigl. = Cyprinus phoxinus L. = Cyprinus aphya Meid. = Leuciscus phoxinus Cuv. = Phoxinus laevis Ag. = Phoxinus Marsilii Heck. = Cyprinus Lumaireul Bonell. = Phoxinus Lumaireul Heck.													Europe.
Phoxinellus alepidotus Heck. = Leueiscus alepidotus Heck.																	Europe.
Cirrhina Dussumieri Val. = Isocephalus Dussumieri Heck.																	Hindost. (Mysore).
Gobio			fluviatilis Ag. = Gobius fluviatilis Marsigl. = Cyprinus gobio L. = Gobio vulgaris Cuv. = Gobio 285 lutescens De Filippi.														Europe.
Gobio			uranoscopus Ag.														Europe.
''			venatus Bp. = Cyprinus benacensis Pollini?														Europe.
''			obtusirostris Val.														Europe.
''			damascinus Val. = Scaphiodon? damascinus Heck. = a Gobio? Blkr.														Syria.
''			rivularis Bas.														China.
''			cataractae Val.														N. Am.
''			gelidus Gir.														N. Am.
''			aestivalis Gir.														N. Am.
''			vernalis Gir.														N. Am.
Sarcocheilichthys variegatus Blkr. = Leuciscus variegatus T. Schl.																	Japan.
*	Leptobarbus						Hoevenii Blkr. = Barbus Hoevenii Blkr.										Sumatra, Borneo.
*	Gnathopogon							elongatus Blkr. = Capoëta elongata T. Schl. = Devario elongata Heck.									Japan.
	''							gracilis Blkr. = Capoëta gracilis T. Schl. = Devario gracilis Heck.									Japan.
Pseudorasbora						parva Blkr. = Leuciscus parvus T. Schl.											Japan.
*	''					pusilla Blkr. = Leuciscus pusillus T. Schl.											Japan.
*	Rasbora					argyrotaenia Blkr. = Leuciscus argyrotaenia Blkr. = Leucisc. cyanotaenia Blkr. = Leucisc. Schwenkii Blkr.											Java, Bali, Sumatra.
*	''					lateristriata Blkr. = Leuciscus lateristriatus V. Hass.											Java, Sumatra.
*	''					dusonensis Blkr. = Leuciscus dusonensis Blkr.											Sumatra, Borneo, Siam.
*	''					kallochroma Blkr. = Leuciscus kallochroma Blkr.											Borneo, Banka.
*	''					sumatrana Blkr. = Leuciscus sumatranus Blkr.											Sumatra.
*	''					borneënsis Blkr.											Borneo.
*	''					Einthoveni Blkr. = Leuciscus Eithovenii Blkr.											Born., Bilit., Banka.
*	''					bankanensis Blkr. = Leuciscus bankanensis Blkr.											Banka.
*	''					leptosoma Blkr. = Leuciscus leptosoma Blkr.											Sumatra.
*	''					cephalotaenia Blkr. = Leciscus cephalotaenia Blkr.											Born., Billit., Banka, Sing.
*	''					Buchanani Blkr. = Cyprinus rasbora Buch. = Leuciscus rasbora McCl. = Opsarius rasbora Heck. = Cyprin rasbora Val. = Leuciscus rasbora Cant.?											Bengal, Pinang?
	''					daniconia Blkr. = Cyprinus daniconius Buch. = Leuciscus daniconius McCl. = Opsarius daniconius Heck.											Bengal.
	''					haematopterus Cast. lcon.											Siam.
	''					anjana Blkr. = Cyprinus anjana Buch. = Leuciscus lateralis McCl. = Opsarius anjana Heck.											Bengal.
286		''				?? bata Blkr. = Cyprinus bata Buch.											Bengal.
	''					? dandia Blkr. = Leuciscus dandia Val.											Ceylon.
	''					? elingulata Blkr. = Perilampus elingulatus McCl. = Leuciscus elingulatus McCl. = Squalius elingulatus Heck.											Bengal.
	''					? teretiuscula Blkr. = Leuciscus teretiusculus Bas.											China.
	''					tschiliensis Blkr. = Leuciscus tschiliensis Bas.											China.
	''					curricula Blkr. = Leuciscus curriculus Richds.											China.
	''					? vandella Blkr. = Leuciseus vandella Richds.											China.
	''					?? cura Blkr. = Cyprinus cura Buch.											Bengal.
	''					? piscatoria Blkr. = Opsarius piscatorius McCl.											Bengal.
	''					elanga Blkr. = Cyprinus elanga Buch. = Bengal elanga Gr. = Leuciscus dystomus McCl. = Cirrhina? elanga Val. = Seardinius distomus Heck.											Bengal.
Rasborichthys Helfrichii Blkr. = Leuciscus Helfrichii Blkr.																	Borneo.
Elopichthys					dauricus Blkr. = Nasus dauricus Bas.												Mongol., Mantschur.
''					bambusa Blkr. = Leuciscus bambusa Richds. = Chela? or Pelecus? Richds.												China.
Aspius				rapax Ag. = Cyprinus aspius L. = Cyprinus rapax Pall. = Cyprinus taeniatus Eichw. Var. Leuciscus aspius Cuv.													Europe.
''				owsianka Czernay.													Europe.
''				Turskyi Blkr. = Squalius Turskyi Heck. = Leuciscus (Microlepis) Turskyi. Bp.													Europe.
''				microlepis Blkr. = Squalius microlepis Heck. = Leuciscus (Microlepis) microlepis Bp.													Europe.
''				tenellus Blkr. = Squalius tenellus Heck. = Leuciscus (Microlepis) tenenus Bp.													Europe.
''				albus Blkr. = Squalius albus Bp.													Europe.
''				leptocephalus Heck. = Cyprinus leptocephalus Pall.													Asia.
''				chalcoides Heck. = Cyprinus chalcoides Güldenst.													Asia.
''				tarichi Heck. = Cyprinus tarichi Güldenst.													Asia.
''				vorax Heck.													Syria.
''				berag Blkr. = Squalius berag Heck. = Squalius berak Heck.													Syria.
''				lepidus Blkr. = Squalius lepidus Heck.													Syria.
Gila			robusta Baird Gill.														N. Am. (Zuni riv.).
''			elegans Baird Gill.														N. Am. (Zuni riv.).
''			conocephala Baird Gill.														N. Am. (San Joaquia riv.).
287 ''			gracilis Baird Gir.														N. Am. (Zuni riv.).
''			Emorii Baird Gir.														N. Am. (Gila riv.).
''			Grahami Baird Gir.														N. Am. (Gila riv.).
''			pulchella Baird Gir. = Tigoma pulchella Gir.														N. Am. (Texas).
''			conformis Blkr. = Lavinia conformis Baird Gir. = Tigoma conformis Gir.														N. Am. (California).
''			gibbosa Baird Gir. = Tigoma gibbosa Gir.														N. Am. (Santa Cruz riv.).
''			bicolor Blkr. = Tigoma bicolor Gir.														N. Am. (L. Flamath).
''			purpurea Blkr. = Tigoma purpurea Gir.														N. Am. (Huagui riv.).
''			intermedia Blkr. = Tigoma intermedia Gir.														N. Am. (Rio San Pedro).
''			obesa Blkr. = Tigoma obesa Gir.														N. Am. (Salt-lake.valIey)
''			Humboldtii Blkr. = Tigoma Humboldti Gill.														N. Am. (Humboldt riv.).
''			lineata Blkr. = Tigoma lineata Gill.														N. Am. (Humboldt riv.).
''			Girardi Blkr. = Tigoma gracilis Gill.														N. Am. (Humboldt riv.).
''			nigrescens Blkr. = Tigoma nigrescens Gill.														N. Am. (Boca grande, Jonas r.).
''			pulchra Blkr. = Tigoma pulchra Gill.														N. Am. (Chihchuari riv.).
''			crassa Blkr. = Tigoma crassa Gir.														N. Am. (California.).
''			Cooperi Blkr. = Cheonda Cooperi Gir.														N. Am. (Columbia riv.).
''			coerulea Blkr. = Cheonda coerulea Gr.														N. Am. (Lost riv.).
Ptychocheilus						grandis Gir. = Gila grandis Ayr. = Ptychocheilus major Ag.											N. Am. (Californ.).
''						oregonensis Gir. = Cyprinus (Leuciscus) oregonensis Richds. = Ptychocheilus gracilis Ag. Pick = Leuciscus oregonensis Val.											N. Am. (Oregon, Col. riv. etc.)
''						rapax Gir.											N. Am. (Californ.).
''						vorax Gill.											N. Am.
''						lueius Gir.											N. Am. (Colorado riv.).
''						elongatus Blkr. = Luxilus elongatus Kirtl. = Leuciscus elongatus De Kay = burnoides elongatus Les. = Leuciscus productus Stor. = Clinostomus elongatus Gill.											N. Am. (Ohio. Wabash).
''						funduloides Blkr. = Clinostomus funduloides Gill.											N. Am. (Washington).
''						affinis Blkr. = Clinostomus affinis Gill.											N. Am. (James river).
''						carolinus Blkr. = Clinostomus carolinus Gill.											N. Am. (Salem N. C.)
Opsarius				(Shacra)					Blkr. = Cyprinus shacra Buch. = Opsarins cirratus McCl. = Pachystomus schagra Heck. = Barbus schagra Val. = Chedri sp?								Assam.
''				( '' )					cocsa Blkr. = Cyprinus cocsa Buch. = Leuciscus cocsa McCl. = Pachystomus cocsa Heck.								Bengal.
288		''		( '' )					chapalio Buch. = Cyprinus chapalio Buch. = Esomus chapalio Heck.								Bengal.
''				(Opsarius)					goha Heck. = Cyprinus goha Buch. = Cyprinus (Leuciscus) goha Blkr. = Opsarius gracilis McCl. = Leuciscus goha Val.								Bengal, Assam.
''				( '' )					tileo Blkr. = Cyprinus tileo Buch. = Opsarius maculatus McCl. = Opsarius maculosus McCl. = Leuciseus tileo Val.								Bengal.
''				( '' )					bola Blkr. = Cyprinus bola Buch. = Opsarius megastomus McCl. = Leuciscus bola Val.								Bengal.
''				( '' )					barila Blkr. = Cyprinus barila Buch. = Cyprinus chedrio Buch. = Opsarius anisocheilus McCl. = Leuciscus barila Val. = Leuciscus chedrio Val.								Bengal.
''				( '' )					barna Blkr. = Cyprinus barna Buch. = Cyprinus balibhola Buch. = Opsarius fasciatus McCl. = Leuciscus barna Val.								Bengal.
''				( '' )					vagra Blkr. = Cyprinus vagra Buch. = Cyprinus loya Buch. = Opsarius isocheilus McCl. = Leucisus vagra Val.								Bengal.
''				( '' )					brachialis McCl. (or a variety of Opsarius tileo?)								Bengal.
''				( '' )					acanthopterus McCl. = Opsarius latipinnatus McCl. = Opsarius? acanthopterus Heck.								Assam.
''				( '' )					aequipinnatus Blkr. = Perilampus aequipinnatus McCl. = Chela aequipinnata Heck.								Bengal.
''				( '' )					gatensis Blkr. = Leuciscus gaten sis Val.								Hindustan.
''				( '' )					hoalius Blkr. = Cyprinus hoalius Buch.								Bengal.
''				( '' )					solio Blkr. = Cyprinus solio Buch.								Bengal.
''				( '' )					borelio Blkr. = Cyprinus borelio Buch.								Bengal.
''				( '' )					salmoides Blkr. = Leuciscus salmoides Blyth.								Bengal.
''				( '' )					homospilotus Blkr. = Leuciscus homospilotus Richds. Aspius? or Alburnus? Richds.								China.
''				( '' )					unciostris Blkr. = Leuciscus uncirostris T. Schl.								Japan.
''				( '' )					platypus Blkr. = Leuciscus platypus T. Schl.								Japan.
''				( '' )					macropus Blkr. = Leuciscus macropus T. Schl.								Japan.
''				( '' )					minor Blkr. = Leuciscus minor T. Schl.								Japan.
''				( '' )					Temminckii Blkr. = Leuciscus Temminckii T.Schl.								Japan.
''				( '' )					Sieboldii Blkr. = Leuciscus Sieboldii T. Schl.								Japan.
''				( '' )					nesogallicus Blkr. = Leuciscus nesogallicus Val.								Mauritius.
289		''		( '' )					thebensis Blkr. = Leuciscus thebensis De Joann. = Leuciscus nilotieus De Joann. = Opsarius thebensis Heck.								Nile.
''				(Bendilisis)						bendilisis Blkr. = Cyprinus bendilisis Buch. = Opsarius bendilisis Heck. = Gobio bendilisis Val.							Hind. (Mysore).
''				( '' )						bicirrhatus Blkr. = Opsarius bicirrhatus McCl. = Leuciscus bicirratus Blkr.							Afghanistan.
Abramis				brama Cuv. = Brama Marsigl. = Cyprinus brama L. = Cyprinus farenus L.													Europe.
''				blicca Cuv. = Cyprinus ballerus Meid. (nec L.) = Cyprinus blicca Gm. = Blicca argyroleuca Heck. = Blicca blicca Heck.													Europe.
''				vimba Cuv. = Capito anodromus Marsigl. = Cyprinus vimba L. = Cyprinus carinatus Pall.													Europe.
''				ballerus Cuv. = Cyprinus ballerus L. = Ballerus ballerus Heck.													Europe.
''				Buggenhagii Cuv. = Cyprinus Buggenhagii Bl. = Bliccopsis Buggenhagii Heck.													Europe.
''				vetula Heck.													Europe.
''				sapa Heck. = Cyprinus sapa Pall. = Brama secunda foem. Marsigl. = Abramis Schreibersii Heck.													Europe.
''				melanops Heck.													Europe.
''				Leuckartii Heck.													Europe.
''				laskyr Nordm. = Cyprinus Iaskyr Güldenst. = Cyprinus gastera or lasgyrr Pall. = Blicca laskyr Heck.													Europe.
''				microlepidotus Ag.													Europe
''				micropteryx Ag.													Europe.
''				argyreus Ag. = Cyprinus Baggenhagii Bl. var.? Val.													Europe.
''				erythropterus Ag.													Europe.
''				elongatus Ag.													Europe. (Crimea.)
''				tenellus Val. = Leuciscus tenellus Val.													Europe. (Crimea.)
''				Frivaldskyi Heck.													Natolia.
''				chrysoprasias Heck. = Cyprinus chrysoprasius Gm. Pall.													Asia.
''				gibbosus Heck. = Cyprinus gibbosus Gm. Pall.													Asia.
''				persa. Heck. = Cyprinus persa Gm. Pall.													Persia.
Luxilus				americanus Gir. = Cyprinus americanus Lac. = Cyprinus chrysoleucus Mitch. = Leuciscus chrysoleucus Stor. = Leuciscus Boscii Val. = Leucosomus chrysoleucos Heck. = Stilbe chrysoleucus De Kay = Leucosomus 290 americanus Gir.													N. Am. (Massach.).
''				compressus Gir. = Rutilus compressus Raf. = Leuciscus compressus Kirtl.													N. Am. (Ohio).
''				obesus Gir. = Leuciscus obesus Stor. = Stilbe obesus Ag.													N. Am. (Alabama).
''				occidentalis Gir. = Leucosomus occidentalis B. Gir.													N. Am. (Posa, Four creek).
''				leptosomus Gir.													N. Am. (Texas).
''				seco Gir.													N. Am. (Texas).
''				lucidus Gir.													N. Am. (Canadian Riv.).
''				versicolor Blkr. = Cyprinus eolus Cossem = Abramis versicolor De Kay = Stilbe versicolor Ag.													N. Am. (New York).
''				balteatus Blkr. = Abramis balteatus Richds. = Squalius balteatus Heck. = Leuciscus balteatus Val. = Richardsonius balteatus Gir.													N. Am. (Columbia riv.).
''				lateralis Blkr. = Richardsonius lateralis Gir.													N. Am. (Puget-sound).
Alburnus				? parvulus Blkr = Leuciscus parvulus Val.													Europe (Crimea).
''				bipunctatus Heck. = Phoxinus primus Mars. = Cyprinus bipunctatus L. = Leuciscus bipunctatus Cuv. = Leuciscus Baldneri Val. = Aspius bipunctat. Ag.													Europe.
''				coeruleus Heck.													Syria.
''				lucidus Heck. = Phoxinus secundus Marsigl. = Cyprinus alburnus L. = Leuciscus alburnus Cuv. = Aspius ochrodon Fitz. = Aspius alburnus Ag. = Aspius alburnoides Selys.													Europe
''				breviceps Heck. Kner.													Europe.
''				alborella Heck. = Aspius alborella De Filipp.													Europe.
''				scoranza Heck.													Europe.
''				fracchia Heck. Kner.													Europe.
''				scoranzoides Heck. Kner.													Europe
''				mento Heck. = Aspius mento Ag. = Aspius Heckelii Fitz.													Europe.
''				obtusus Heck.													Europe.
''				acutus Heck.													Europa.
''				cordilla Blkr. = Cyprinus cordilla Savi = Leuciscus cordilla Val.													Europe.
''				delineatus Blkr. = Squalius delineatus Heck.													Europe.
''				abruptus Blkr. = Leucaspius abruptus Heck. Kner.													Europe.
''				niloticus Heck. = Leuciscus niloticus De Joann. = Pelecus niloticus Heck.; a Chela?													Nile.
''				bibie Blkr. = Leuciscus bibie De Joann. = Pelecus bibie Heck; a Chela?													Nile.
291		''		sellal Heck.													Syria.
''				microlepis Heck.													Syria.
''				hebes Heck.													Syria.
''				mossulensis Heck.													Syria.
''				capito Heck.													Syria.
''				pallidus Heck.													Syria.
''				iblis Heck.													Persia.
''				schejtan Heck.													Persia.
''				caudimacula Heck.													Persia.
''				megacephalus Heck.													Persia.
''				maxillaris Heck. = Leuciscus maxillaris Val. = Alburnus iblis Heck. ? ?													Persia.
''				albuloides Heck. = Leuciscus albuloides Val.													Persia.
''				clupeoides Heck. = Leuciscus clupeoides Val.													Persia.
''				? rubellus Blkr. = Alburnus rubellus Ag.													N. Am. (L. Superior).
''				lepidulus Gir.													N. Am. (Black-warrior r.).
''				dilectus Gir. = Alburnellus dilectus Gir.													N. Am. (Arkansas).
''				umbratilis Gir. = Alburnellus umbratilis Gir.													N. Am. (Arkansas).
''				amabilis Gir. = Alburnellus umbratilis Gir.													N. Am. (Rio Nueces).
''				socius Gir. = Alburnellus socius Gir.													N. Am. (Texas).
''				megalops Gir. = Alburnellus megalops Gir.													N. Am. (Texas).
Hybopsis				(Hybopsis)						gracilis Ag.							N. Am. (Huntsville).
''				( '' )						dorsalis Ag.							N. Am. (Burlington, Iowa).
''				( '' )						Storerianus Gir. = Rutilus Storerianus Kirtl. = Leuciscus Storerianus Kirtl.							N. Am (Ohia, Russellville).
''				( '' )						Winchellii Gir.							N. Am. (Alabama).
''				(Hudsonius)						hudsonius Blkr. = Clupea hudsonia Clint. Leuciscus hudsonius De Kay. = Stolephorus hudsonianus Cozzens. = Catostomus hudsonius Ag. = Hudsonius hudsonia Gir. = Hudsonius fluviatilis Gir.							N. Am. (Huron, Mich., Huds. riv.).
''				( '' )						amarus Blkr. = Hudsonius amarus Gir.							N. Am.
Leucosomus						Plumbeus Gir. = Gobio plumbeus Ag.											N. Am. (L. Sup., Huron).
''						pulchellus Gir. = Leucisc. pulchellus Stor. = Leucisc. argenteus Stor. = Leucosomus chrysoleucus Heck. = Leucisc. Storeri Val. = Cheilonemus pulcheIlus Gir.											N. Am. (New. Britt.).
''						dissimilis Gir.											N. Am. (Milk river).
''						pallidus Gir.											N. Am. (Arkansas).
''						inerassatus Gir.											N. Am. (Choetaw-ag.).
''						laevigatus Heck. = Cyprinus laevigatus Mus. Paris. sec. Heck.											N. Am. (New-York).
292		''				inaequilobus Blkr. = Pogonichthys inaequilobus B. G.											N. Am. (S. Joaq. riv.).
''						symmetricus Blkr. = Pogonichthys symmetricus B. G.											N. Am. (S. Joaq. riv.).
''						argyreiosus Blkr. = Pogonichthys argyreiosus Gir.											N. Am. (Californ.).
''						communis Blkr. = Pogonichthys communis Gir.											N. Am. (Nebraska).
''						nebracensis Blkr. = Nocomis nebracensis Gir.											N. Am. (Nebraska);
''						bellicus Blkr. = Nocomis bellicus Gir.											N. Am. (Bl.-warrior riv.).
''						? gracilis Blkr. = Leuciscus gracilis Richds. = Leucosomus gracilis Heck.											N. Am. (Saskatch. riv.).
''						? vittatus Blkr. = Leuciscus vittatus De Kay.											N. Am. (New-York).
''						? corporalis Blkr. = Cyprinus corporalis Mitch. = Leuciscus? corporalis De Kay.											N. Am. (New-York).
Ceratichthys						bigattatus Baird. = Semotilus biguttatus Kirtl. = Leuciscus biguttatus De Kay.											N. Am. (Mahon. r., Ohio).
''						amblops Gir. = Rutilus amblops Raf.											N. Am. (Ohio).
''						leptocephalus Gir.											N. Am. (Salem).
Semotilus						atromaculatus Gir. = Cyprinus atromaculatus Mitch. = Leuciscus atromaculatus De Kay. = Leucisc. iris Val.											N. Am. (N. Y., Carolina).
''						speciosus Gir.											N. Am. (Nebraska).
''						dorsalis Raf.											N. Am. (Ohio).
''						cephalus Raf. = Leuciscus cephalus Kirtl.											N. Am. (Ohio).
''						macrocephalus Gir.											N. Am. (Nebraska).
''						? vandoisulus Blkr. = Leuciscus vandoisulus Val.											N. Am.
''						? rotengulus Blkr. = Leuciscus rotengulus Val.											N. Am.
Leuciscus						vulgaris Cuv. = Vandoise Belon. = Cyprinus leuciscus L. = Cyprinus jaculus Jur. = Leuciscus argenteus Ag. = Leuciscus saltator Bp. = Squalius leuciscus Heck. Kner.											Europe.
''						rostratus Ag. = Squalius rostratus Heck.											Europe.
''						cavedanus Bp. = Squalius cavedanus Bp. = Squalius tiberinus Bp.? = Squalius Pareti Bp.?											Europe.
''						chalybaeus Blkr. = Squalius chalybaeus Heck. Kner.											Europe.
''						rodens Ag. = Squalus rodens Heck.											Europe.
''						dobula Ag. = Capito fluviatilis Gesn. = Capito Ausonii s. Cephalus Mars. = Dobula Schoneveldii Wil. = Cyprinus cephalus L. ex parte = Cyprinus dobula L (nec syn.) = Cyprin. orfus Pall. = Cyprin. idus Bl. tab 36. = Leuciscus frigidus Val. = Gardonus cephalus Bp. = Squalius dobula Heck. Kner.											Europe.
''						argentatus Fitz. = Mugil s. Cephalus fluviatilis minor Gesn. = Capito fluviatilis s. Squalius minor 293 Marsigl. = Cyprinus dobula Bl., tab. 5. = Cyprinus Leuciscus Bl., tab. 97. = Leuciscus vulgaris Heck. = Squalius lepusculus Heck. Kner.											Europe.
''						lancastriensis Shaw. = Leuciscus majalis Ag. = Squalius majalis Heck.											Europe.
''						dolabratus Holandre = Squalius? dolabratus Heck. = Scardinius? dolabratus Heck.											Europe.
''						illyricus Blkr. = Squalius illyricus Heck.											Europe.
''						svallize Blkr. = Squalius svallize Heck.											Europe.
''						albus Blkr. = Squalius albus Bp.											Europe.
''						ukliva Blkr. = Squalius ukliva Heck.											Europe.
''						trasimenicus Blkr. = Squalius trasimenicus Bp.											Europe.
''						rubilio Bp. = Squalius rubilio Rp. = Leucos rubilio Bp.											Europe.
''						Fucini Blkr. = Squalius Fucini Rp.											Europe.
''						elatus Blkr. = Squalius elatus Bp. = Leucisc. elatus Val.											Europe.
''						ochrodon Val. = Aspius ochrodon Ag.											Europe.
''						peleponensis Val.											Europe.
''						stymphalicus Val.											Europe.
''						albiensis Val.											Europe.
''						burdigalensis Val.											Europe.
''						sardella Val. = Leuciscus dobula Costa.											Europe.
''						comes Costa.											Europe.
''						albidus Costa.											Europe.
''						brutius Costa.											Europe.
''						vulturinus Costa. = Leuciscus vulturius Val.											Europe.
''						fasciatus Val. = Aspius fasciatus Nordm.											Europe.
''						orientalis Blkr. = Squalius orientalis Heck. = Squalius cephalopsis Heck.											Syria.
''						spurius Blkr. = Squalius spurius Heck.											Syria.
''						rutilus L. = Rubellus Marsigl. = Cyprinus rutilus L. = Rothauge Bl. = Leuciscus lividus Heck. = Gardonus rutilus Bp.											Europe.
''						Pausingeri Heck. = Gardonus Pausingeri Bp.											Europe.
''						pigus De Filipp. = Cyprinus rutilus Scopoli. = Gardonus pigus Bp.											Europe.
''						virgo Heck. Kner. = Nörfling, Erfle Gesn. = Vröwfish Will. = Orfus Germanorum Marsigl. = Cyprinus idus Fitz. = Cyprinus orfus Reis. = Chevaine du Lech Val.											Europe.
294		''				Meidingeri Heck. Kner. = Cyprinus grislagine Meid. (nec L.) = Leuciscus grislagine Ag. Val. (colors only)											Europe, Asia minor.
''						Frisii Nordm. = Gardonus Frisii Bp.											Europe.
''						cephalus Heck. = Cyprinus cephalus L. = Cyprinus jeses Jur.											Europe.
''						prasinus Ag.											Europe.
''						roseus Bp. = Gardonus? roseus Bp.											Europe.
''						Genei Bp.											Europe.
''						Heckelii Nordm.											Europe (Crimea).
''						adspersus Blkr. = Leucos adspersus Heck.											Europe.
''						rutiloides Selys. = Leucos? rutiloides Heck.											Europe.
''						Selysii Heck. = Leucos Selysii Heck.											Europe.
''						aula Val. = Squalius aula Bp. = Leucos (Cenisophius) pauperum Bp. = Leuciscus pauperum De Fil. = Leuciscus scardinius De Fil. = Squalius aula Heck. = Leucos aula Bp. = Leucos (Cenisophius) scardinus Bp.											Europe.
''						rubella Bp. = Leucos rubellicus & Leucos Henlei Bp.? = Squalius rubella Heck. = Leucos rubella Heck. = Leucos cisalpinus Heck.											Europe.
''						basack Blkr. = Leucos basack Heck.											Europe.
''						chrysopterus De Kay.											N. Am.
''						vittatus De Kay.											N. Am.
''						Agassizii Val. = Ryserle, Ryssling Gesn. = Gryslagine Will., tab. Q 1 fig. 1. = Leuciscus aphya Ag. = Chondrostoma rysela Ag.?? = Squalius aphya Heck. = Telestes aphya Bp. = Telestes rysela Heck. = Leuciscus (Telestes) muticellus Günth. (nec Bp.) = Telestes Agassizii Heck. Kner.											Europe.
''						Savignyi Val. = Telestes Savignyi Bp. = Leuciscus muticellus De Fil. according to Bp.											Europe.
''						muticellus Bp. = Telestes muticellus Bp. = Squalius muticellus Heck.											Europe.

						Relationships with Barbines not yet fully determined

Leuciscus					croceus Stor., Hentz, Ag.												N. Am. (Alabama etc.).
''					elongatus Les. Val. = Alburnoides elongatus Les.												N. Am. (Wabash).
295		''			pulchelloides Ayr.												N. Am. (Connecticut).
''					dissimilis Kirtl., De Kay.												N. Am. (Lac. Erie).
''					Gire Val.												Nile.
''					bisarre Val.												Nile.
''					cir Val.												Nile.
''					lacustris Val. = Cyprinus lacustris Pall.												Sibiria.
''					coreënsis Val., Richds.												Korea, Japan.
''					fintella Val., Richds.												China.
''					chevanella Val., Richds.												China.
''					molitorella Val., Richds.												China.
''					cupreus Val., Richds.												China.
''					plenus Richds. = Cyprinus plenus Brouss.												China.
''					zeylonicus Benn. (Rasborae affinis)												Ceylon.

Scardinius					erythrophthalmus Bp. = Cyprinus erythrophthalmus L. = Leuciseus erythrophthahnus Val. = Scardinius hesperidicus Heck.												Europe.
''					dergle Heck. Kner.												Europe.
''					scardafa Bp. = Leuciscus scardafa Bp.												Europe.
''					plotizza Heck. Kner = Scardinius platizza Bp.												Europe.
''					macrophthalmus Heck. Kner.												Europe.
''					Hegeri Bp. = Hegerius typus Bp.												Europe.
''					marocchius Blkr. = Leuciseus marocchius Costa.												Europe.
''					scarpetta Blkr. = Leuciscus scarpetta Val.												Europa.
''					affinis Blkr. = Leuciscus affinis Val.												Europa.
''					idus Blkr. = Capito fluviatilis which Jesen and Jenting call Genus [?]. = Capito fluviatilis coeruleus Marsigl. = Cyprinus idus L. = Cyprinus jeses L. Bl. = Cyprinus idbarus Meid. = Leuciscus jeses Bp.? = Idus melanotus Heck. Kner.												Europe.
''					orfus Blkr. = Capito fluviatilis subruber, named Orfum by the Germans = Cyprinus orfus Bl., L. Bl. = Leuciscus orrus Val. = Idus orfus Heck.												Europe.
''					miniatus Blkr. = Idus miniatus Heck.												Europa.
''					neglectus Blkr. = Leuciscus neglectus Selys. = Idus neglectus Heck.												Europe.
Alburnops					blennius Gir.												N. Am. (Arkansas).
''					Shumardi Gir.												N. Am. (Arkansas).
296		''			illecebrosus Gir.												N. Am. (Arkansas).
''					spirlingulus Blkr. = Leuciscus spirlingulus Val.												N. A. (N. Jers., N. Harm.)
Cyprinella					bubalina Gir. = Leuciscus bubalinus Baird Gill.												N. Am. (Arkansas).
''					umbrosa Gir.												N. Am. (Canadian r.).
''					Gunnisoni Gir.												N. Am. (Utah).
''					Reckwithi Gir.												N. Am. (Arkansas).
''					Whipplii Gir.												N. Am. (Arkansas).
''					suavis Gir.												N. Am. (Texas).
''					lepida Gir.												N. Am. (Texas).
''					notata Gir.												N. Am. (Texas).
''					macrostoma Gir.												N. Am. (Texas).
''					venusta Gir.												N. Am. (Texas).
''					texana Gir.												N. Am. (Texas).
''					luxiloides Gir.												N. Am. (Texas).
''					lugubris Gir.												N. Am.
''					ludibunda Gir.												N. Am.
''					lutrensis Blkr. = Leuciscus lutrensis Baird Gir. = Moniana lutrensis Gir.												N. Am. (Arkans., Red. r.).
''					leonina Blkr. = Moniana deliciosa Gir.												N. Am.(Texas, Leon-riv.)
''					deliciosa Blkr. = Moniana deliciosa Gir.												N. Am. (Leon-riv.).
''					proserpina Blkr. = Moniana proserpina Gir.												N. Am. (Texas).
''					aurata Blkr. = Moniana aurata Gir.												N. Am. (N. Mexico).
''					complanata Blkr. = Moniana complanata Gir.												N. Am. (Texas).
''					laetabilis Blkr. = Moniana laetabilis Gir.												N. Am. (R. Gr. del Norte).
''					pulchella Blkr. = Moniana pulchella Gir.												N. Am. (Arkansas).
''					frigida Blkr. = Moniana frigida Gir.												N. Am. (Texas).
''					Couchi Blkr. = Moniana Couchi Gir.												N. Am. (Mexico).
''					rutila Blkr. = Moniana rutila Gir.												N. Am. (Mexico).
''					nitida Blkr. = Moniana nitida Gir.												N. Am. (Mexico).
''					formosa Blkr. = Moniana formosa Gir.												N. Am. (Mexico).
''					gracilis Blkr. = Moniana gracilis Gir.												N. Am. (Mexico).
''					gibbosa Blkr. = Moniana gibbosa Gir.												N. Am. (Texas).
''					tristis Blkr. = Moniana tristis Gir.												N. Am. (Texas).
''					? gardoneus Blkr = Leuciscus gardoneus Val.												N. Am.
Codoma					ornata Gir.												N. Am. (Chihuahua.).
''					vittata Gir.												N. Am. (Mexico).
Smiliogaster Belangeri Blkr. = Leuciscus Belangeri Val.																	Bengal.
Culter					alburnus Bas.												China.
''					erythropterus Bas.												China.
297 *			''		mongolicus Bas.												Mongolia.
''					recurviceps Blkr. = Leuciscus recurviceps Richds = Aspius recurviceps Richds.												China.
''					machaeroides Blkr. = Leuciscus machaeroides Richds.												China.
''					acutus Blkr. = Cyprinus acutus Brouss. Mss. = Leuciscus acutirostris Gr. = Leuciscus acutus Richds.												China.
* Laubuca					guttata Blkr. = Cyprinus laubuca Buch. = Perilampus guttatus McCl. = Chela guttata Heck. = Leuciscus laubuka Val.												Bengal.
''					dancena Blkr. = Cyprinus dancena Buch.												Bengal.
* Chela					anomalura Blkr. = Clupea anomalura V. Hass. = Oxygaster anomalura V. Hass. = Cyprinus oxygaster Cuv. = Leuciscus oxygaster Val.												Java, Sumatra, Borneo.
''					hypophthalmus Blkr.												Sumatra.
''					oxygastroides Blkr. = Leuciscus oxygastroides Blkr.												Java, Sumatra, Borneo.
''					bacaila Blkr. = Cyprinus bacaila Buch. = Salmophasia oblonga Swns. = Pelecus bacaila Heck. = Opsarius bacaila McCl.												Bengal.
''					gora Blkr. = Cyprinus gora Buch. = Oyprinus cora Gr. = Opsarius pholicephalus McCl. = Pelecus pholicephalus Heck = Salmophasia elongata Swns.												Bengal.
''					persea Heck. = Perilampus perseus McCl.												Bengal ?, Assam.
''					phulo Blkr. = Cyprinus phulo Buch. = Opsarius albulus McCl. = Pelecus albulus Heck. = Oyprinus phulchela Buch. Coll.												Bengal.
''					leucera Blkr. = Opsarius leucerus McCl. = Pelecus leucerus Heck.												Bengal.
''					cachius Blkr. = Cyprinus cachius Buch. = Cyprinus kachki Buch. Coll. = Perilampus cachius McCl.												Bengal.
''					atpar Blkr. = Cyprinus atpar Buch. = Cyprinus loyukula Buch. Coll. = Perilampus psilopteromus McCl.												Bengal.
''					macrolepis Blkr. = McCl., Ind. Cypr. Asiat. Res. XIX tab. 56 fig. 10 nameless.												Bengal.
''					cultella Blkr. = Leuciscus cultellus Val.												Hindustan.
''					Dussumierii Blkr. = Cyprinus clupeoides Bl.? = Leuciscus Dussumieri Val. = Leuciscus clupeoides Heck.?												Hindust. (Mysore).
''					novacula Blkr. = Leuciscus novala Val. = Pelecus novacula Heck.												Hindustan.
''					acinaces Blkr. = Leuciscus acinaces Val.												Hindust. (Mysore).
298		''			balookee Syk.												Deccan.
''					Oweni Syk.												Deccan.
''					jorah Syk.												Deccan.
''					teekanee Syk.												Deccan.
''					alkootee Syk.												Deccan.
''					alburna Heck.												India.
''					scalpella Blkr. = Leuciscus scalpellus Val.												Ceylon.
''					sardinelIa Blkr. = Leuciscus sardinella Val.												Pegu.
''					melanochir Casteln. Mss.												Siam.
''					siamensis Casteln. Mss.												Siam.
''					cultrata Cuv. = Cyprinus cultratus L = Cyprinus clupeoides Bl., tab. 408 = Pelegus cultratus Ag. = Leuciscus cultratus Val.												Europe.
Macrochirichthys							uranoscopus Blkr. = Leucisc. uranoscopus Blkr.										Sumatra, Borneo, Siam.
''							macrochir Blkr. = Clupea macrochira K. v. H. = Leuciscus macrochirus Val.										Java.

							Fossilized Cypriniformes (all from the Molasse period)

Cyprinus				priscus H. De Meyer.													Ulm.
''				sp ?													?
Thaumaturus sp. ?																	?
Gobio analis Ag.																	Oeningen.
Tinca			furcata Ag.														Oeningen.
''			leptosoma Ag.														Oeningen.
''			micropygoptera Ag. = Tinca microptera Jaeg.														Oeningen.
Leuciscus					oeningensis. Ag.												Oeningen.
''					latiusculus Ag.												Oeningen.
''					pusillus Ag.												Oeningen.
''					heterurus Ag.												Oeningen.
''					leptus Ag.												Habichtswald.
''					macrurus Ag.												Bonn.
''					papyraceus Bronn.												Lignites tert.
''					Hartmanni Ag.												Steinheim.
''					gracilis Ag.												Steinheim.
''					brevis Ag.												?
''					acrogaster Reuss.												Bohemia.
''					medius Reuss.												Bohemia.
''					Stephani H. De Meyer.												Bohemia.
299		''			Colei H. De Meyer.												Bohemia.
''					cephalon Zenk.												Lignites.
''					sp. ?												?
Aspius					gracilis Ag.												Oeningen.
''					Brogniarli Ag.												Puy de Dome.
''					furcatus H. De Meyer.												Bohemia.
''					elongatus H. De Meyer.												Bohemia.
Scardinius					homospondylus Heck.												Steinmark.
Rhodeus					elongatus Ag.												Oeningen.
''					latior Ag.												Oeningen.

Racoma McCl., Afghan Collect. of Fish., Calcutt. Journal Nat. Hist. II 1842 p. 576, Blkr.

Body elongate, compressed, covered with small scales. Jaws enclosed in broad, fleshy lips. Barbels 4, nasal barbels and upper jaw barbels. Snout prolonged. Eyes not covered by palpebral membrane. Mouth slightly anterior or inferior. Lower lip lobed. Anal sheath covered with large scales. Dorsal fin starting above ventral fins and ending far anterior to anal fin, posterior simple ray bony and serrated. Anal fin with few rays, shorter than dorsal fin, acute. Caudal fin scaled only at the base. Pharyngeal teeth ??

Remark. Although I take the genus Racoma in a different meaning as Mr McClelland, it seems to me that it can be retained within the borders described above. It then is most closely related to Schizothorax, and differs mainly from it by the extraordinary development of thick, fleshy lobed lower lip. In this genus can be placed some Afghan species described briefly by Mr McClelland, i.e. Ramoma labiatus McCl., Racoma brevis McCl., Schizothorax Edeniana McCl. and Schizothorax Ritchieana McCl. – Racoma labiatus McCL is the type species of this genus and remarkable, not only by its extremely fleshy lips, but also by its at the tips tripartite barbels, which reminds one of the multipartite barbels of Cyclocheilichthys (Siaja) heteronema Blkr.

300 Schizothorax Heck., Fisch. Cashmir p. 11; Val., Poiss. XVI p. 160; Heck., Fisch. Syr. p. 30; Nachtr. p. 183; Blkr.

Body elongate, compressed, covered with small scales. Jaws enclosed in terete, simple lips. Barbels 4, nasal barbels and upper jaw barbels. Snout acute, prolonged. Eyes not covered by palpebral membrane. Mouth slightly anterior or inferior, gape crescent-shaped or in shape reminding of a horse shoe when the mouth is closed. Lower jaw shorter than upper jaw. Postlabial groove on both sides parallel to the free margin of the jaw, not united with the groove on the opposite side. Anal sheath covered with large scales. Dorsal fin starting above ventral fins and ending far anterior to anal fin, posterior simple ray bony and serrated. Anal fin with few rays, shorter than dorsal fin, acute, not emarginate. Caudal fin scaled only at the base. Pharyngeal teeth spoon-shaped 2.3.5/5.3.2.

Remark. As I have already indicated above, I restrict the old genus Schizothorax of Heckel after I have separated from it the genus Schizopyge following in its footsteps, and, the genus Opistocheilos on the basis of the structure of the mouth parts, to the species, which according to their lip structure belong to the Cheilognathines, i. e. Schizothorax esocinus Heck., Schizothorax micropogon Heck., Schizothorax planifrons Heck. and Schizothorax Hügelli Heck. Schizothorax intermedius McCl. can also be placed in it and maybe Schizothorax barbatus McCL. and Racoma gobioides as well.

Balantiocheilus Blkr. – Pouch lip carp.

Body elongate, strongly compressed, covered with large scales, back angular. Jaws enclosed in terete, fleshy lips, upper jaw strongly downward protrusable. No barbels. Snout acute. Anterior suborbital bone oblong-square. Mouth slightly inferior, gape ending anterior to the eye, in shape reminding of a horse shoe when the mouth is closed. Lower lip hanging from the total margin of the jaw, broad, forming a pouch which is open only posteriorly. Single postlabial groove parallel to the free margin of the jaw, reminding of the shape of the gape. Anal sheath without larger scales. Dorsal fin starting above or hardly behind ventral fins 301 and ending far anterior to anal fin, at the base included in a scaled sheath, posterior simple ray bony and serrated. Anal fin shorter than dorsal fin, emarginate. Gill opening rather narrow, vertical, ending below the middle of the gill cover. Interbranchial isthmus wide. Pharyngeal teeth hooked-spoon-shaped 2.3.5/5.3.2.

The genus Balantiocheilus in relationship stands between the genera Cyclochei-lichthys and Systomus. However, it differs from both, firstly: by the peculiar structure of the lower lip, which turns down from the entirely free edge of the lower jaw and is very broad thereby forming a pouch, which is only open posteriorly; – secondly, by the gill opening which is relatively very narrow, and only forms a vertical slit, which ends medially under the opercles. Otherwise it differs also especially from Cyclocheilichthys by the irregular square shape of the anterior interorbital, and from Systomus by the single horse shoe shaped posterior lip groove.

I possess only one species of this genus and for the rest see nowhere any species described or depicted, which similarly could be placed in it.

Balantiocheilos melanopterus Blkr. – Zwartvinnige zaklipkarper [Black finned Pouch lip carp.]

Atl. Cypr. Tab XLIV.

Fig. 57. Balantiocheilos melanopterus Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XXXIX. TL figure 313 mm.

A Balantiocheilos with an oblong, compressed body, depth of body contained 4⅓ to 3⅓ times in its length, width 3 to 2 ⅓ times in its depth. Head acute, contained 4 ¾ to slightly over 5 times in length of body with caudal fin, 3½ to 3⅘ times in length of body without caudal fin; depth of head contained 1⅓ to 1¼ times in its length, width 2 to 1⅔ times; eye diameter contained 3 to slightly over 4 times in the length of the head, distance between the eyes 1⅓ to 2 times the eye diameter, palpebral membrane covering the external margin of the iris only, opening circular; snout acute, lightly convex anteriorly, in younger animals slightly shorter than the eye, in adults longer than the eye, hardly sticking out in front of the mouth; nostrils rather close to the orbit; rostro-dorsal profile on top of the head sloping, nearly straight, convex on the nape; interorbital line convex; anterior suborbital bone oblong-square, lower part much wider than upper part; lower angle slightly obtusely rounded, anterior angle acute, forward facing; 2nd suborbital bone about twice as low as 1st suborbital bone; upper jaw longer than lower jaw, strongly vertically downward protrusable, ending anterior to the eye, contained 3⅓ to 3⅖ times in the length of the head; gape slightly oblique, lower jaw slightly ascending, obtuse, not hooked or tubular at the symphysis; lips broad, fleshy, upper lip traversed by numerous transverse grooves, in adults very broad, anteriorly protrusable in an acute lobe; lower lip very broad, back-sheathed from the total margin of the lower jaw and united broadly with the upper lip, forming a pouch which is open only posteriorly; underside of lower jaw without any visible pores; height of gill cover contained 1¾ to 1⅘ times in its length, lower margin nearly straight; gill opening vertical, narrow, ending below the middle of the gill cover. Pharyngeal teeth hooked-spoon-shaped 2.3.5/5.3.2; scapula triangular, acute, in old animals rounded; back elevated, angular, much higher than the belly; belly flat anterior to ventral fins, angular at the flanks, rounded behind the ventral fins, not ridged; tail depth contained 2 to 1¾ times in the length of the head; free and basal part of with longitudinal stripes, 35 scales in the lateral line, 11 in a transverse row (without 302 the lowest ventral scales) of which 6 (5½) above the lateral line, 11 in a longitudinal row between occiput and dorsal fin, on the lower belly in three longitudinal rows, scales in medial row larger than those in flanking rows; lateral line nearly straight, sloping downward only anteriorly, reaching the rostro-caudal line, each scale marked by a short, simple tube, not reaching the centre of the scale; dorsal fin starting above the middle of the base of the ventral fins, acute, emarginate, in juveniles not lower than the body, in old animals not much lower than the body, depth about twice base length, spine thick, posteriorly armed with large teeth, with a flexible part longer than the head; pectoral and ventral fins acute, ventral fins slightly shorter than ventral fins, contained 6¼ to 7 times in the length of the body, in juveniles reaching the ventral fins, in old animals not reaching the ventral fins; anal fin acute, emarginate, much lower than dorsal fin, less than twice as high as base length, simple third ray bony only for the basal half; caudal fin scaled only at the base, with a deep incision, lobes acute, contained 3½ to slightly over 4 times in the length of the body. Colour: upper part of the body faintly green, lower part silver, iris yellow; fins pink or yellowish- pink, ventral fins black for the top half. Dorsal, anal and caudal fin with a broad black margin, dorsal fin for the lower front half and caudal fin for basal half with external rays, generally violet.


	B. 3. D. 4/8 or 4/9. P. 1/15. V. 2/9. A. 3/5 or 3/6. C. 6/17/6 or 7/17/7, short flanking ones included.
	Syn.	Barbus melanopterus Blkr, Bijdr. ichth. Borneo, Nat. T. Ned. Ind. I. p. 11.
		Systomus melanopterus Blkr, Zesde bijdr. ichth. Born. Nat. T. Ned. Ind. III p. 429. Zevende bijdr. ichth. Borneo, Nat. T. Ned. Ind. V p. 449.
		Batang buro Palemb.
	Hab.	Borneo (Bandjermasin, Kahajan, Pengaron, Pontianak, Sintang), in rivers.
		Sumatra (Palembang), in rivers.
	Length of 19 specimens 80’’’ to 322’’’.

Remark. The beautiful species described here, the only one till now known from this genus, not only lives in the large streams of Sumatra and Borneo, as I see it also very well recognizable depicted in the already various times cited sketchbook of Siamese fishes of Count Fr. de Castelnau, making it clear that it is also found near Bangkok, the capital of Siam.

I discovered it already in the year 1950 and described it first as a Barbus and later as a Systomus, but place it now, on the above mentioned grounds, in a genus of its own. The very broad black free halves of the fins (except for the pectoral fins) are very sharply delimited and make the species easily recognizable at a first glance.

Amblyrhynchichthys Blkr. – Blunt snout carp.

Body oblong, strongly compressed, covered with large scales, with an elongate back. Jaws enclosed in simple lips, upper lip strongly downward protrusable. No barbels. Snout very obtuse, truncate. Supramaxillary bones reaching the tip of the snout and there hiding the intermaxillary bones. Anterior suborbital bone shoe-shaped, with the tip of the shoe facing backward. Eyes largely covered by palpebral membrane. Mouth anterior, 303 with a small gape, in shape reminding of a horse shoe when the mouth is closed. Lower lip with a hooked tubercle at the symphysis. Postlabial groove on both sides parallel with the free margin of the jaw, not united with the groove on the opposite side. Gill opening medium-sized, ending below the angle of the preoperculum. No anal sheath covered with larger scales. Dorsal fin starting above ventral fins and ending anterior to anal fin, at the base included in a scaled sheath, posterior simple ray bony, serrated. Anal fin shorter than dorsal fin, emarginate. Caudal fin scaled at the base only. Pharyngeal teeth wedge-shaped, aggregated 2.3.4/4.3.2.

Remark. The genus Amblyrhynchichthys is undeniable related to Systomus and Albulichthys, but it possesses various peculiarities in its morphology that characterize it as proper genus. It is very peculiar that the pharyngeal teeth are pavement-like arranged here and have entirely flat, obliquely truncated chewing area, a shape which generally is only found in Labeobarbus. But apart from the dentition the genus is remarkable by the shape of the anterior half of the head, by the shoe-shape of the anterior suborbital bone, the tip of which is pointing backwards; and by the extension of the maxillae up till the rostral surface of the snout, which thereby, while entirely covering the intermaxillary bones [premaxillae] anteriorly, are placed between these and the nasal bones. This organization determines the very high and almost vertically truncated shape of the snout, by which the till now only known species of this genus, at the first glance, can be distinguished from all other Cyprinoids. The shape of the trunk and fins for the rest is that of Systomus and Cyclocheilichthys, whereas the broad eyelid membrane, which is largely covering the eye, is also found in the genus Albulichthys. To the generic characters of Amblyrhynchichthys can also be brought the short flat lower jaw, which is provided with a strongly developed bony projection at its symphysis, the thin lips and a double posterior lip groove. Maybe generic value can also be attached to the large bony third undivided dorsal fin ray, which represents a second dorsal fin ray that in length surpasses the length of the eye. Till now I know of this genus only the species that I described already in the year 1850 under the name Barbus truncatus.

Amblyrhynchichthys truncatus Blkr. – Geknotte Stompsnuit karper [Truncated Blunt Snout Carp].

Atl. Cypr. Tab. XLV.

Fig. 58. Amblyrhynchichthys truncatus Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XXVIII, Fig. 2. TL figure 254 mm.

An Amblyrhynichthys with an oblong, compressed body, depth of body contained 4½ to 4 times in its length, width contained 2 to 2 ½ times in its depth. Head obtuse, truncate, contained 4 ½ to 5⅔ times in length of body with caudal fin, 4 to 4½ 304 times in length of body without caudal fin; depth of head contained 1½ to 1⅕ times in its length, width slightly over 2 to 1⅔ times in its length; eyes surrounded by broad adipose skin, eye diameter contained 2⅓ to 2½ times in the length of the head, distance between the eyes ¾ to ⅚ times the eye diameter, palpebral membrane nearly completely covering the iris anteriorly, posteriorly and at the underside, at the upper side covering only the external margin, opening nearly circular or oblong-squarish; snout very obtuse, nearly vertically truncate, elevated, in juveniles and adults about twice as short as the eye, sticking out in front of the mouth; nostrils closer to the tip of the snout than to the orbit, more forward than sideways facing; rostro-dorsal profile rectangular on the head, rounded at the angle, on the nape sloping, nearly straight; interorbital line convex; anterior suborbital bone shoe-shaped, tip of the shoe facing backward, the shaft of the shoe close to the nostrils; 2nd suborbital bone more than twice as low as 1st suborbital bone; upper jaw longer than lower jaw, strongly vertically downward protrusable, ending below the anterior part of the pupil, contained 4 times to slightly over 4 times in the length of the head; intermaxillary bone nearly completely hidden below the supramaxillary bone, ascending branch vertical; gape nearly horizontal, lower jaw short, margin thin, at the symphysis with a conical, very conspicuous tubercle, slightly hooked at the tip; lips fine, thin, very short; underside of lower jaw without any visible pores; width of gill cover contained 1¾ to 1⅘ times in its depth, lower margin concave or slightly concave; gill opening vertical, ending below the posterior margin of the preoperculum. Pharyngeal teeth aggregated 2.3.4/4.3.2, each with a flat, smooth, wedge-shaped chewing surface, margins not elevated or tuberculate; scapula triangular, slightly obtuse, acutely rounded at the tip; back elevated, angular, much higher than the belly; belly flat anterior to ventral fins, angular at the flanks, behind ventral fins rounded, not ridged; tail height contained 1⅘ to 2 times in the length of the head; scales for the free part and the basal part with longitudinal stripes, 36 or 37 scales in the lateral line, 11 in a transverse row (without the lowest ventral scales) of which 6 (5½) above the lateral line, 11 or 12 in a longitudinal row between occiput and dorsal fin, on the lower belly in three longitudinal rows, scales in medial row larger than those in flanking rows; lateral line nearly straight, sloping downward only anteriorly, not reaching the rostro-caudal line, each scale marked by a short, simple tube, generally not reaching the centre of the scale; dorsal fin starting above the base of the ventral fins, acute, emarginate, not lower or slightly lower than the body, about twice as high as base length, spine thick, posteriorly armed with large teeth, with a flexible part much longer than the head, simple third ray bony, spine-shaped, longer than the eye ; pectoral and ventral fins acute, nearly equal in length, contained slightly over 6 to 7 times in the length of the body, pectoral fins not reaching ventral fins, anal fin acute, emarginate, twice as low or more than twice as low as dorsal fin, less than twice as high as base length, simple third ray medium-sized, bony only for the basal half; caudal fin scaled only at the base, with a deep incision, lobes acute, contained 4 to 4⅖ times in the length of the body. Colour: upper part of the body faintly green, lower part silver; iris yellow; fins faintly pink or yellowish, dorsal and caudal fin with a margin of dense dark speckles.


	B. 3. D. 4/8 or 4/9. P. 2/16. V. 2/9. A. 3/5 or 3/6. C. 7/17/7 or 8/17/8, short flanking ones included.
	Syn.	Barbus truncatus Blkr, Bijdr. ichth. Born. Nat. T. Ned. Ind. I p. 13.
		Systomus truncatus Blkr, Bijdr. ichth. Borneo, Nat. T. Ned. Ind. II p. 60.
		Teban galang, Bettet Palemb.
	Hab.	Borneo (Bandjermasin, Pontianak), in rivers.
		Sumatra (Palembang), in rivers.
	Length of 11 specimens 50’’’ to 260’’’.

Remark. I received my first specimens of this species from the Barito near Bandjermasin, but since then I also obtained larger specimens, caught in the Kapoeas near Pontianak and in the Moessi near Palembang. The species therefore inhabits the larger rivers of Borneo and Sumatra. However, it is not restricted to the Indian archipelago, 305 as I saw it also depicted in the sketchbook of Mr De Castelnau, from which it is apparent that it also occurs in Siam near the capital Bankok. The figure of Mr De Castelnau has a length of ca 330 millimetres, so that this species seems to become still remarkably larger than my largest specimens.

Albulichthys Blkr. – Albula carp.

Body slightly elongate, strongly compressed, covered with large scales, back angular. Jaws enclosed in terete, simple lips, upper jaw strongly downward protrusable. No barbels. Snout convex. Upper jaw bones not reaching the tip of the snout. Anterior suborbital bone pentagonal, the acute tip looking upwards. Eyes largely covered by palpebral membrane. Mouth nearly anterior, with a medium-sized gape, in shape reminding of a horse shoe when the mouth is closed. Lower jaw with a hooked tubercle at the symphysis. Postlabial groove on both sides parallel with the free margin of the jaw, not united with the groove on the opposite side. Gill opening medium-sized, ending below the angle of the preoperculum. Anal sheath not covered by larger scales. Dorsal fin starting above or slightly anterior to ventral fins and ending far anterior to anal fin, at the base enclosed in a scaled sheath, simple ray bony, serrated on the posterior side. Anal fin shorter than dorsal fin, emarginate. Caudal fin for the basal half completely scaled. Pharyngeal teeth incisive, scalpriform 2.3.4/4.3.2, on the chewing surface longitudinally rugose.

Remark. A further study of the species, which I described in the year 1855 under the name of Systomus albuloides, in connection with my new ideas concerning the classification of the Cyprinoids, has taught me that that species equally deserves to be raised to a proper genus as my earlier Systomus truncatus. The habitus of that species, especially of the head, much resembles that of an Albulus. It has the pentagonal with the upwards directed tip of the anterior suborbital bone of Systomus, but together with that the broad, even the pupil somewhat covering, eyelid membrane of Amblyrhynchichthys. The third undivided dorsal fin ray is much developed and bony, as it is in Amblyrhynchichthys. Remarkable is moreover the densely squamation of the entire or almost the entire basal half of the caudal fin, which I do not recognize in any cyprinoid. These characters, added to the peculiar wedge- or chisel shape of the pharyngeal teeth, which 306 are longitudinally ribbed on their chewing surface, give, in my opinion, every right to see in this species a proper genus, which I, because of its resemblance in habitus to Albula, have named Albulichthys.

Albulichthys albuloides Blkr. – Typische Albulakarper [Typical Albula Carp].

Atl. Cypr. Tab. XLVI Fig. 2.

Fig. 59. Albulichthys albuloides Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XXXIII, Fig. 2. TL figure 253 mm.

An Albulichthys with an oblong or elongate, compressed body, depth of body contained 4½ to slightly over 5 times in its length, width contained 1¾ to 2 times in its depth. Head acute, contained nearly 5 to 5¼ times in length of body with caudal fin, 3¾ to 4 times in length of body without caudal fin; depth of head contained about 1⅖ times in its length, width 1¾ to 1⅔ times; eye diameter contained 3 to 3½ times in the length of the head, distance between the eyes slightly more than once their diameter, palpebral membrane covering the total iris anteriorly and posteriorly, opening oblong-oval, vertical; snout convex, shorter than the eye, sticking out in front of the mouth; nostrils very close to the orbit; rostro-dorsal profile convex on all of the head; interorbital line convex or slightly convex; anterior suborbital bone pentagonal, the acute tip pointing upward, depth greater than length, longitudinal ridge in the middle, ascending backward; 2nd suborbital bone three times to more than three times as low as 1st suborbital bone; upper jaw slightly longer than lower jaw, strongly vertically downward protrusable, contained 3 to slightly over 3 times in the length of the head, ending below the anterior part of the eye; lower jaw at the symphysis with a conical tubercle, slightly hooked at the tip; lips slender, terete; width of gill cover contained 1⅔ to 1¾ times in its depth, lower margin nearly straight; gill opening ending below the posterior margin of the preoperculum. Pharyngeal teeth scalpriform (incisive) 2.3.4/4.3.2, each with an oblique, flat, longitudinally rugose chewing surface, free margin forming an acute, rounded edge; scapula triangular, obtuse; back angular, much higher than the belly; belly flat anterior to ventral fins, angular at the flanks, behind ventral fins rounded, not ridged; scales with longitudinal stripes on the free part, 38 or 39 scales in the lateral line, 11 in a transverse row (without the lowest ventral scales) of which 5½ or 6 above the lateral line, 11 or 12 in a longitudinal row between occiput and dorsal fin, on the lower belly in three longitudinal rows, scales in medial row larger than those in flanking rows; lateral line straight, sloping downward only anteriorly, not descending below the rostro-caudal line, each scale marked by a short, simple tube, generally not surpassing the centre of the scale; dorsal fin starting above or hardly anterior to the ventral fins, acute, emarginate, slightly lower than the body, higher than base length, spine thick, posteriorly serrated with very conspicuous teeth, with a flexible part slightly shorter than the head; pectoral and ventral fins acute, nearly equal in length, contained 7 to 7½ times in the length of the body, pectoral fins not reaching ventral fins, anal fin acute, emarginate, much lower than dorsal fin, less than twice as high as base length; caudal fin densely scaled on the total basal half, with a deep incision, lobes acute, contained 4½ to 5 times in the length of the body. Colour: upper part of the body faintly green, lower part silver, iris yellow; fins yellowish- pink or red; upper part of dorsal fin and posterior part of caudal fin with violetish-dark margins; iris yellow.


	B. 3. D. 4/8 or 4/9. P. 1/16 to 1/18. V. 2/9. A. 3/5 or 3/6. C. 7/17/7 or 6/17/6, short flanking ones included.
	Syn.	Systoma albuloides Blkr, Negende bijdr. ichth. Borneo, Nat. T. Ned. Ind. IX p. 425.
	Hab.	Sumatra (Palembang), in rivers.
		Borneo (Kahajan, Pontianak), in rivers.
	Length of 5 specimens 132’’’ to 255’’’.

Remark. The teeth, with exception of the two anterior ones of the outer row, have wedge shaped or incisor-like, at the corners rounded, crowns, which show some longitudinal ridges on the chewing surface, which are not extended to 307 the upper edges of the teeth. The symphysal knob of the lower jaw is rather strong developed. Because of the observation of excellent preserved specimens, I can at present positively declare that the species does not possess barbels, which I earlier had slight doubts about. – Till now I know it only from the large rivers of Borneo and Sumatra.

Hampala Van Hass., Algemeene Konst- en Letterbode 1823 II p. 132. – Hampal.

Body oblong-elongate, compressed, covered with large scales, back angular. Jaws enclosed in terete, simple lips, upper lip slightly protrusable. Barbels 2, upper jaw barbels. Snout acute, not convex. Supramaxillary bones not reaching the tip of the snout. Anterior suborbital bone pentagonal, the acute tip pointing upward. Eyes not covered by palpebral membrane. Mouth anterior, with a large, oblique gape. Lower jaw not shorter than upper jaw with a slightly elevated symphysis. Postlabial groove on both sides parallel with the free margin of the jaw, not united with the groove on the opposite side. Gill opening broad, protracted to a point below the eye. Anal sheath not covered by larger scales. Dorsal fin starting above the base of ventral fins and ending far anterior to anal fin, at the base enclosed in a scaled sheath, posterior simple ray bony, serrated. Anal fin shorter than dorsal fin, emarginate. Caudal fin scaled only at the base. Pharyngeal teeth spoon-shaped 1.3.5/5.3.1.

Remark. Van Hasselt, probably struck by the peculiar habitus of the fish, on Java so common and known under the name Ampalong, Hampel, Hampalong and Soetjo, placed it in a proper genus, which he after the Sundanese name gave the name Hampala. However, he did not characterize it further than by saying that it “most resembles Leuciscus Cuv., but distinguishes itself by two filaments, on each mouth corner” (that means one, on each mouth corner). Mr Valenciennes placed Van Hasselt’s Hampala macrolepidota in his genus Capoëta, a less lucky invention, as the three species of Capoëta described by Mr Valenciennes, belong in just as much genera, i.e. in Scaphiodon, Systomus and Hampala.

Heckel, in his “Fische Syriens”, originally placed Hampala macrolepidota 308 in his genus Scaphiodon, but recognized his error in the end of the same work, by placing it in his genus Systomus.

Hampala indeed is closely related to Systomus. Fin shape and squamation are the same, but the shapes of the snout and jaws and even of the dentition offer differences, which justify a separation of Systomus.

I count among these the acute snout, the relatively large gape and its oblique position, the little protrusable upper jaw and the length of the lower jaw which is as long as the upper jaw making the gape completely terminal. Because of these peculiarities of the shape a profile is formed that is very different from that of Systomus and related genera and Van Hasselt was right to point at the relationship of Hampala with Leuciscus Cuv., as many species related to Leuciscus present a comparable mouth shape.

Till now I only know two species of the genus, both of which inhabit the Indian archipelago. In habitus, fin structure and squamation they have very much in common and can primarily be distinguished from each other as follows


I.	28 scales in the lateral line. A large, oblong, vertical, black spot between dorsal and ventral fins. Upper and lower part of caudal fin with a broad black-violet margin.
Hampala macrolepidota V. Hass.
II.	31 scales in the lateral line. Middle of the flanks with 2 round black spots, the anterior one between the dorsal and ventral fins, posterior one hardly behind the anal fin. Upper and lower part of caudal fin without black-violet margin.
Hampala ampalong Blkr.

Hampala macrolepidota K. v. H., Algem. Konst- en letterbode 1823 II p. 132. – Grootschubbige Hampal [Large-scaled Hampal].

Atl. Cypr. Tab. XLIII.

Fig. 60. Hampala macrolepidota K. v. H. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XXXVIII, Fig. 2. TL figure 292 mm.

A Hampala with an oblong or elongate, compressed body, depth of body contained 4 to 5⅓ times in its length, width contained 1¾ to 2 times in its depth. Head acute, contained 4 to 4¾ times in length of body with caudal fin, 3¼ to 3⅔ times in length of body without caudal fin; depth of head contained 1⅖ to 1⅗ times in its length, width 1⅘ to 2⅓ times; eye diameter contained 3 to 5 times in the length of the head, distance between the eyes ¾ to 1¼ times their diameter, palpebral membrane covering the external margin of the iris only, opening nearly circular; snout acute, not or slightly convex, with the upper jaw in younger animals shorter than the eye, in old animals longer than the eye, not sticking out in front of the mouth; nostrils much closer to the orbit than to the tip of the snout; rostro-dorsal profile sloping downward on the head, nearly straight or slightly concave, convex on the nape; interorbital line nearly straight or slightly convex; anterior suborbital bone irregularly pentagonal, lower part 309 broader than upper part, lower margin nearly horizontal, rounded anteriorly and posteriorly, other margins more or less concave, superior angle acute, close to the nostrils, pointing upward, complete upper half of the bone traversed by a strongly curved crest, ending in branches at the underside; 2nd suborbital bone oblong, obliquely quadrangular, about twice as low as 1st suborbital bone; jaws equal or nearly equal, upper jaw slightly forward protrusable, in juveniles ending hardly anterior to the eye or below the anterior margin of the eye, in old animals ending below the middle of the eye or below the anterior half of the eye, contained 3 to 2⅔ times in the length of the head; gape rather oblique; barbels slightly longer or shorter than the eye; lower jaw at the symphysis with a conical, obtuse, short tubercle, on the underside on each branch some little conspicuous pores in one longitudinal row; lips medium-sized, terete, not rugose; width of gill cover contained 1½ to 1⅔ times in its depth, lower margin nearly straight or slightly concave; gill opening broad, ending below the posterior suborbital bone. Pharyngeal teeth slightly hooked to spoon-shaped 1.3.5/5.3.1; scapula triangular, obtuse, with a rounded angle; back rather elevated, angular, much higher than the belly; belly flat anterior to ventral fins, lightly angular on the flanks, behind ventral fins rounded, not ridged; depth of tail contained slightly over 2 times to 1⅘ times in the length of the head; scales striped ray-like from a reticulate or simple common centre, often granulated, 28 scales in the lateral line, 9 in a transverse row (without the lowest ventral scales) of which 5 (4½) above the lateral line, 10 in a longitudinal row between occiput and dorsal fin, on lower belly in three longitudinal rows, scales in medial row gradually increasing in size posteriorly, posterior ones in those rows larger than those in flanking rows; lateral line moderately curved, descending below the rostro-caudal line, each scale marked by a simple tube, generally reaching the centre of the scale; dorsal fin starting above the base of the ventral fins, acute, emarginate, slightly to much lower than the body, much higher but less than twice as high as base length, spine thin, posteriorly serrated or rough with little conspicuous or hardly visible teeth, with the flexible part much shorter than the head; pectoral and ventral fins acute, pectoral fins slightly longer than ventral fins, contained 6½ to 7⅖ times in the length of the body, not reaching ventral fins, ventral fins not reaching anal fin; anal fin acute, emarginate, much lower than dorsal fin, but less than twice as low, much higher than to about twice as high as base length, simple third ray thin, bony only at the base; caudal fin scaled only at the base, with a deep incision, lobes acute, contained 4 to 4¾ times in the length of the body. Colour: upper part of the body green, lower part silver, iris yellow; snout and forehead often deeply olive; scales on back, flanks and tail generally each at the base with a transverse, crescent-shaped, violetish or blackish band; a transverse elongate black spot or band between dorsal and ventral fin, frequently diffuse, more rarely missing; dorsal and caudal fin beautiful pink, front part of dorsal fin and upper and lower part of caudal fin with a deeply violet margin; other fins white-hyaline.


	B. 3. D. 4/8 or 4/9. P. 1/15 or 1/16. V. 2/8. A. 3/5 or 3/6. C. 6/17/6 to 8/17/8, short flanking ones included.
	Syn.	Capoëta macrolepidota Valenc., Poiss. XVI p. 214 tab. 477; Cant., Catal. Mal. Fish. P. 267; Blkr, Verh. Bat. Gen. XXIII Ichthyol. Midden-Oost-Java p. 21.
		Capoète bordé Val., Poiss. XVI p. 214 tab. 477.
		Scaphiodon macrolepidotus Heck., Fisch. Syriens, p. 31.
		Systomus macrolepidotus Heck., Fisch. Syriens, Nachtr. p. 184.
		Ampalong Mal. Batav. Hampal, Hambal, Hampalong Sund.
		Wader, Sutjo Javan.
		Sabaju Lampong., Kabarouw Benkul.
	Hab.	Java (Batavia, Tjibiliong, Tjampea, Buitenzorg, Pondokgedeh, Seogol, Parongkalong, Pandjullu, Ngawi, Surabaya, Grati, Lesti), in rivers and lakes.
		Borneo (Bandjermasin, Sambas), in rivers.
		Sumatra (Pangabuang, Palembang, Lahat, Padang, Meninju), in rivers and lakes.
	Length of 40 specimens 45’’’ to 340’’’.

310 Remark. This species was discovered on Java by Kuhl and Van Hasselt. I received it also from Borneo and Sumatra; and Mr Cantor mentions it from Pinang and Tenasserim. My specimens from East Java and the Lampongs differ from the remaining ones by a more slender body and more acute and relatively longer head. On Java the species is rather common. In Batavia it is one of the most frequent occurring species. It also lives in the mountain streams till more than 2000 feet above sea level, and reaches a length that surpasses that of my largest specimens.

Hampala ampalong Blkr. – Tweevlekkige Hampal [Two spotted Hampal].

Atl. Cypr. Tab. XLVI fig. 1.

Fig. 61. Hampala ampalong Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XXVII, Fig. 1. TL figure 146 mm.

A Hampala with an oblong compressed, body, depth of body contained 4⅓ to 4¾ times in its length, width contained nearly 2 to 1¾ times in its depth. Head acute, contained nearly 4 to 4⅕ times in length of body with caudal fin, 3 to 3¼ times in length of body without caudal fin; depth of head contained about 1⅗ times in its length, width contained 2¼ to nearly 2 times in its length; eye diameter contained slightly over 4 to 4⅓ times in the length of the head, distance between the eyes slightly more than once their diameter, palpebral membrane covering the external margin of the iris only, opening nearly circular; snout acute, not convex, with the upper jaw longer than the eye, not sticking out in front of the mouth; nostrils much closer to the orbit than to the tip of the snout; rostro-dorsal profile sloping on the head, nearly straight or nearly concave, convex on the nape; interorbital line nearly straight; anterior suborbital bone triangular, length greater than depth, rounded at the underside, front and back, the acute tip pointing upward, close to the nostrils, middle with a longitudinal ridge which is ramose anteriorly; 2nd suborbital bone oblong-squarish, twice to nearly twice as low as 1st suborbital bone; jaws equal, upper jaw slightly forward protrusable, ending below the anterior half of the eye, contained 2½ to 2⅗ times in the length of the head; gape strongly oblique, barbels thin, slightly or not longer than the eye; lower jaw at the symphysis with a conical, obtuse, short tubercle, on the underside on each branch some little conspicuous pores in one longitudinal row; lips medium-sized, terete, not rugose; width of gill cover contained 1½ to 1⅗ times in its depth, lower margin nearly straight; gill opening broad, ending below the posterior suborbital bone. Pharyngeal teeth slightly hooked to spoon-shaped 1.3.5/5.3.1; scapula triangular, obtuse, rounded; back moderately elevated, angular, much higher than the belly; belly flat anterior to ventral fins, lightly angular at the flanks, behind ventral fins rounded, not ridged; depth of tail contained about 2⅓ times in the length of the head; scales with ray-like stripes from a common centre, 31 scales in the lateral line, 9 in a transverse row (without the lowest ventral scales) of which 5 (4½) above the lateral line, 10 in a longitudinal row between occiput and dorsal fin, on the lower belly in three longitudinal rows, scales in medial row gradually increasing in size posteriorly, posterior scales in those rows hardly or not larger than those in flanking rows; lateral line moderately downward curved, descending below the rostro-caudal line, each scale marked by a short, simple tube generally reaching the centre of the scale; dorsal fin starting above the base of the ventral fins, acute, emarginate, slightly lower than the body, much higher but less than twice as high as base length, spine medium-sized, posteriorly serrated with small teeth, with a flexible part considerably shorter than the head; pectoral and ventral fins acute, pectoral fins slightly longer than ventral fins, contained 6⅓ to 6⅔ times in the length of the body, not reaching ventral fins, ventral fins not reaching anal fin; anal fin acute, emarginate, much lower but much less than twice as low as dorsal fin, much higher but much less than twice as high as base length, third ray simple, rather thin, bony only for the basal half; caudal fin scaled only at the base, with a deep incision, lobes acute, contained 4½ to 4¼ times in the length of the body. Colour: upper part of the body bluish-green, lower part silver, iris yellow; 2 round or oblong black spots on each flank, anterior one placed 311 between dorsal fin and ventral fin above the lateral line, posterior one slightly behind the base of the anal fin in the lateral line; fins yellowish or faintly pink, or dorsal and caudal fin pink, the others pearly.


	B. 3. D. 4/8 or 4/9. P. 1/14 to 1/16. V. 2/8. A. 3/5 or 3/6. C. */17/8 or 7/17/7, short flanking ones included.
	Syn.	Capoëta ampalong Blkr, Diagn. Nieuwe vischs. Sumatra, Nat. T. Ned. Ind. III p. 594.
	Hab.	Borneo (Pontianak), in rivers.
		Sumatra (Palembang), in rivers.
	Length of 3 specimens 120’’’ to 149’’’

Remark. Hampala ampalong is very closely related to Hampala macrolepidota Val. However, it is easy recognizable by the two black spots on each side of the body, one of which is placed between the dorsal fin and the ventral fin, and the other a little behind the origin of the anal fin. In specimens of Hampala macrolepidota of the same size as the ones described above, the head is shorter, the lower jaw symphyseal knob much less developed and the upper jaw shorter. Moreover there are three scales less in the lateral line.

Hypselobagrus Blkr. – Tambra.

Body oblong, covered with large scales, back angular. Jaws enclosed in terete, simple lips. Barbels 4, nasal and upper jaw barbels, or 2 upper jaw barbels or no barbels. Snout conical, prominent. Mouth slightly inferior, gape ending anterior to the eye, in shape reminding of a horse shoe when the mouth is closed. Anal sheath not covered with larger scales. Dorsal fin starting in front or above ventral fins and ending far anterior to anal fin, simple ray bony, not serrated on the posterior side. Anal fin shorter than dorsal fin.

Subg. Hypselobarbus Blkr. 4 barbels, nasal and upper jaw barbels.

Subg. Gonoptoctopterus Blkr. 2 barbels, upper jaw barbels.

Subg. Tambra Blkr. No barbels.

Remark. In his essay “on the Fishes of the Dukhum” Mr Sykes described and depicted three species under the names Barbus mussullab, Barbus kolus, and Cyprinus ambramioides, which show the habitus of the genus Cyclocheilichthys, however offer more peculiarities in the organization, which have induced me too perceive them tentatively as belonging to a proper genus. From the figures and descriptions of Mr Sykes nothing special can be gathered concerning the posterior lip groove, the shape of the anterior suborbital bones and the covering of the base of the dorsal fin, which I suspect do not differ fundamentally from those in Cyclochelichthys.

312 However, the dorsal fin spine is extremely slender and without teeth while the anal fin is not concave and in the two first mentioned species even extremely convex or squarely rounded. Moreover remarkable is the peculiar upwards curvature of the lateral line above or a little in front of the vent (which however seems to be lacking in Cyprinus abramioides) and wart-like covering of the cheeks or of the snout with large pores, the last of which are said not to occur constantly. Furthermore the dorsal fin has from 10 to 20 branched rays.

These species in all respects deserve a closer examination. Barbus mussullah, because it possesses 4 barbels, belongs to the subgenus Hypselobarbus; – Barbus kolus, because of its 2 barbels, to the subgenus Gonoproctopterus; – and Cyprinus abramioides Syk., which has no barbels at all, to the subgenus Tambra, which name the species bears in Deccan. This last one because of its long dorsal fin maybe should be raised to a proper genus. Heckel indeed brings it to his genus Gibelion, which however is not acceptable and based on generically very different species, as Cyprinus catla belongs to the genus Catla and Varicorhinus bobree probably belongs to the genus Gymno-stomus.

Systomus McCl., Ind. Cyprinid., Asiat Research. Vol. XIX p. 284; Heck. Fisch. Syr. p. 26; Poiss. XVI p. 299. – Lalawak.

Body oblong, compressed, covered with large scales, back angular. Jaws enclosed in terete, simple lips, upper lip strongly downward protractile. Barbels 4, nasal and upper jaw barbels, or 2 upper jaw barbels or no barbels. Snout short, obtuse or slightly obtuse, not prolonged. Supramaxillary bones not reaching the tip of the snout. Anterior suborbital bone pentagonal, the acute tip facing upward. Eyes not covered by palpebral membrane. Mouth slightly anterior or inferior, gape not or slightly oblique, in shape reminding of a horse shoe when the mouth is closed. Lower jaw shorter than upper jaw with a more or less visible tubercle at the symphysis. Postlabial groove on both sides parallel to the margin of the mouth, not united with the groove on the opposite site. Gill opening ample, prolonged to a point below the preoperculum. Anal sheath not covered with larger scales. Dorsal fin starting above or slightly behind ventral fins and ending far anterior to anal fin, base enclosed in a scaled sheath, posterior simple ray bony, serrated or smooth. Anal fin shorter than dorsal fin. 313 Caudal fin scaled only at the base. Pharyngeal teeth spoon-shaped 2.3.5/5.3.2 or 2.3.4/4.3.2 or with a rod-like neck, tuberculate 1.3.4/4.3.1 or 2.3.4/4.3.2.

Subg. Barbodes Blkr. 4 barbels, nasal and upper jaw barbels.

Subg. Capoëta Val. 2 barbels, upper jaw barbels.

Subg. Systomus McCl., No barbels.

Remark. The genus Systomus, as described here, mainly differs from Barbus by a stocky body, a short snout, thin lips, a more or less terminal mouth, a dorsal fin surrounded by a scale sheath, a pentagonal anteriormost suborbital bone with a sharp upwards directed angle, and by the double posterior lip groove as the groves of both sides are not joint in the middle.

Mr McClelland was the first to erect the genus Systomus, however, he gave it another meaning as the one described above, i.e. “Intermaxillares protractile, dorsal and anal short, the former opposite to the ventrals and preceded by a spinous ray: body elevated, and marked by two or more distinct dark spots, or diffuse spots either on the fins or opercula, prominence on the apex of the lower jaw obscure”. The first and last mentioned of these characters Systomus has in common with other related genera and to the mentioned markings not only no generic value can be attached, even as a specific character it can only be used cautiously in a restricted sense.

Mr Valenciennes accepted the genus Systomus, but restricted its meaning to that of species, which agree with his genus Barbus but completely lack barbels, which did not prevent him to include various of these species in his genus Leuciscus. In the same way I myself have placed several species in Systomus, which in this work were separated for the indicated reasons.

Heckel, accepting the same generic name, gave a new meaning to it by the diagnosis he published, i.e. “Dentes cochleares 2.3.5/5.3.2. Os anticum. Labia mollia subteretia. Cirri 2 in angulo oris, aut nulli. Pinna dorsalis basi brevis; analis brevior illa radio osseo super pinnas ventrales incipiens. Tractus intestinalis 2-2½ long. Corp.” [Teeth spoon-shaped 2.3.5/5.3.2. Mouth terminal. Lips soft, slightly terete. Two barbels in the angle of the mouth, or no barbels at all. Dorsal fin with short base, beginning above the ventral fins, anal fin shorter than dorsal fin with a bony ray. Intestinal tract 2-2½ times as long as the body.]

One can remark concerning this diagnosis that the formula of the teeth does not fit on all species; that the mouth opening in various species is more inferior than terminal; that the dorsal fin spine in some species is implanted behind the basis of the ventral fins, and that the numerous species of this genus with 4 barbels are excluded, notwithstanding the fact that Heckel himself was one of the principal 314 opponents of the value of barbels for defining the genera of Cyprinoids.

I have tried to give natural borders to this genus. This was not difficult for the numerous species I have in my possession, but numerous other species I only know from existing, usually short, descriptions, and usually insufficient figures, and therefore it is impossible to determine in how far the characters given by me are applicable to all those species.

My subgenus Barbodes comprises species, which according to older notions on the genera would all belong to Barbus.

I have retained the name Capoëta for the species that possess only upper jaw barbels, and to which Capoëta amphibia Val. belongs.

Furthermore I have conceived the subgenus Systomus in the way in which Mr Valenciennes accepts the genus Systomus.

The Sunda Islands are rich in species of Systomus, just like the rivers of South Asia. Many species are very closely related and demand a detailed investigation to define them sharply. I have succeeded smoothly in that definition as far as the species of my own collection are concerned, however with the existing recourses it is impossible to define sharply many only superficially known species.

My collection comprises 35 species of Systomus, 22 of which belong to the subgenus Barbodes, 5 to Capoëta and 8 to Systomus. 29 of those species inhabit the rivers of the Sunda Islands, i.e. 21 of Barbodes, 5 of Capoëta and 3 of Systomus, the remainder of my species are native to Bengal.

All my species of Barbodes possess a serrated dorsal fin spine and large scales the number of which in the lateral line varies between 23 and 38.

They can be placed into three groups.

The first of these groups is characterized by a convex anal fin with 9 to 10 branched rays. To this group belongs Systomus (Barbodes) marginatus Blkr.

In both remaining groups the anal fin is constantly concave and contains only 5 to 7 branched rays. One of these groups moreover is characterized by the strong development of the dorsal fin spine, which is also armed with relatively large teeth. The scales are generally longitudinally striped, either only on the free half, or also on the basal half. To these belong Systomus (Barbodes) amblycephalus Blkr, Systomus (Barbodes) koilometopon Blkr. and a number of other species.

In the third group the dorsal fin spine is remarkably less well developed and only armed with small, little visible teeth, whereas the scales are constantly radially striped, as the stripes run from a common 315 centre to the perimeter of the scale. In this group can be placed Systomus (Barbodes) maculates Blkr, Systomus (Barbodes) lateristriga Blkr. and some other species.

Among the extra-archipelagic species of Barbodes rather many can be placed in still another group, namely in that in which the dorsal fin spine is entirely smooth or without teeth. To this group belong all African species. The dorsal spine in some species becomes even so slender, that it hardly can retain the name spine. To this group belong Systomus (Barbodes) bynni (Cyprinus bynni Forsk.), Systomus (Barbodes) surkis (Barbus surkis Rüpp.), Systomus (Barbodes) intermedius (Barbus intermedius Rüpp.), Systomus (Barbodes) perince (Barbus perince Rüpp.), Systomus (Barbodes) pallidus (Barbus pallidus Smith), Systomus (Barbodes) Burchelli (Barbus Burchelli Smith), etc. However, I am in some doubt concerning these and other extra archipelagic species with regard to the squamation of the dorsal and anal fin. All the scale sheaths of dorsal and anal fins in all species of my collection are indeed well developed, and very obvious, whereas I find them not only undescribed in the Barbus species with unserrated dorsal spine, they are also not or very doubtfully indicated in the existing figures. Moreover, I observe the same void in the descriptions and figures of more species of Barbodes with a serrated dorsal spine, of which the existence of a scale sheath is without doubt.

Of the more than 90 species, which according to my opinion, till now can be placed in the genus Systomus, almost 60 belong to the subgenus Barbodes. The subgenera Capoëta and Systomus together account for only a third of those species.

Of the subgenus Capoëta I possess five species, which can easily be distinguished from each other. Two of these, Systomus (Capoëta) padangensis and Systomus (Capoëta) sumatranus have a serrated, the remaining ones, Systomus (Capoëta) brevis, Systomus (Capoëta) leiacanthus and Systomus (Capoëta) oligolepis an unserrated dorsal spine. Systomus (Capoëta) padangensis because of its multi-rayed anal fin (A 3/8 or 3/9) is what Systomus (Barbodes) marginatus is in the subgenus Barbodes. Systomus (Capoëta) sumatranus and Systomus (Capoëta) oligolepis offer the peculiarity that the lateral line is lacking on the posterior half of the body which one also finds in various Bengalese species of the subgenus Systomus, whereas both remaining species are more related to Systomus luteus Heck. and Systomus albus Heck. from Syria, but differ principally by a lesser number of scales in the lateral line and one ray less in the dorsal fin.

The extra-archipelagic species of Capoëta are not numerous. Apart from both mentioned Heckelian species and the typical species of Mr Valenciennes. 316 (Capoëta amphibia), Cyprinus chola Buch. and Systomus chrysostomus McCl. can be placed therein with some certainty. I have summed up among these species also Varicorhinus beso Rupp., however this species apparently also has a strong relationship with the genus Hypselobarbus.

Concerning the subgenus Systomus, which comprises all species without barbels, I posses of these 6 species, but only three of them belong to the Sunda Islands. Those three species mutually have a large relationship, and distinguish themselves from the extra-archipelagic ones by a very strong developed much serrated dorsal spine, rather numerous scales, 33 to 37 in, and 8 to 9 above the lateral line and a blunt obliquely truncated snout. All of them seem to grow much larger than the extra-archipelagic species. Earlier I was of the opinion that they were endemic to the Sunda Islands, however the album of Siamese fishes of Count Francis De Castelnau has taught me that Systomus (Systomus) bulu very probably also inhabits the rivers of Siam and that related species are also found there. For the rest the remaining species of this subgenus are restricted to South Asia. In several of these species the dorsal fin loses its more or less spinous character, which has induced Mr Valenciennes to place them in his very complicated genus Leuciscus (Leuciscus stigma Val., Leuciscus Duvaucelii Val., Leuciscus thermalis Val., etc). Of the Bengalese species of Systomus I posses Cyprinus sophore Buch., Cyprinus phutunio Buch. and Cyprinus cosuatis Buch., which all are described in more detail in my Nalezingen op de ichthyologische fauna van Bengalen en Hindostan. None of these species has more than 25 scales in a longitudinal row and the dorsal spine is serrated only in Systomus ticto, Systomus phutunio and Systomus gelius.

My archipelagic species of Systomus can be adequately separated from each other and distinguished from the remaining known species according to the following scheme.


I.	4 barbels, nasal and upper jaw barbels (subg. Barbodes). V. 2/8. D 2/8 or 4/9.
	1.	Anal fin with rays 3/5 to 3/7.
		A.	Dorsal spine thick, armed with large teeth.
			a.	35 to 38 scales in the lateral line. A. 3/5 or 3/6.
				†	Length of head greater than depth. Caudal fin with a longitudinal, intramarginal, blackish stripe on both lobes.
					Ô	37 or 38 scales in the lateral line, 9 above lateral line, without longitudinal stripes or with very sparse longitudinal stripes. Depth of head contained 3½ to 3⅗ times in its length. Dorsal fin without black spot.
Systomus (Barbodes) belinka Blkr.
					Ô’	36 scales in the lateral line, 8 above the lateral line, free half and basal half with conspicuous longitudinal, slightly 317 ray-like stripes. Depth of body contained 2⅗ to 3 times in its length. Dorsal fin with a large black spot anteriorly.
Systomus (Barbodes) Schwanefeldi Blkr.
				†’	Depth of head equal to length. Caudal fin without any stripes.
					Ô	35 or 36 scales in the lateral line, 7 above lateral line, with conspicuous longitudinal stripes, slightly ray-like. Depth of body contained about 3 times in its length.
Systomus (Barbodes) amblycephalus Blkr.
			b.	30 to 33 scales in the lateral line. Length of head greater than depth.
				†	7 scales above the lateral line. A. 3/5 or 3/6. Barbels about equal to the eye diameter.
					Ô	32 or 33 scales in the lateral line. Width of gill cover contained 1⅔ to 1¾ times in its depth. Depth of tail contained 1½ to 1⅗ times in the length of the head.
Systomus (Barbodes) erythropterus Blkr.
					Ô'	30 or 31 scales in the lateral line. Width of gill cover contained twice in its depth. Depth of tail contained 1⅓ to 1½ times in the length of the head.
Systomus (Barbodes) bramoides Blkr.
				†’	6 scales above lateral line.
					Ô	Barbels shorter than the eye.
						O	Anal fin with rays 3/6 or 3/7. 31 to 33 scales in the lateral line. Dorsal fin starting slightly behind to hardly behind the base of the ventral fins. Upper jaw barbels longer than nasal barbels.
							ό	Width of gill cover contained 1⅔ to 1¾ times in its height. Depth of the body contained 3¼ to 3 times in its length. Head acute. Rostro-dorsal profile concave on the nape.
Systomus (Barbodes) javanicus Blkr.
							ό’	Width of gill cover contained twice in its depth.
								Ô	Head acute, depth contained 1¼ times in its length. Depth of the body contained 3 times in its length. Rostro-dorsal profile very concave on the nape.
Systomus (Barbodes) koilometopon Blkr.
								Ô’	Head obtuse, depth contained 1⅕ to 1⅛ times in its length. Depth of the body contained 3½ to 3¼ times in its length. Rostro-dorsal profile not concave on the nape.
318 Systomus (Barbodes) gonionotus Blkr.
						O’	Anal fin with rays 3/5 or 3/6. 30 scales in the lateral line. Dorsal fin starting above base of ventral fins.
							ό	Depth of body contained about 3¾ times in its length. Barbels nearly equal in length, slightly shorter than the eye. Rostro-dorsal profile nearly straight.
Systomus (Barbodes) Huguenini Blkr.
					Ô’	Barbels longer than the eye. Dorsal fin starting above the base of the ventral fins.
						O	Anal fin with rays 3/5 to 3/7. 30 to 31 scales in the lateral line.
							ό	Depth of body contained 3¼ times in its length. Rostro-dorsal profile convex.
Systomus (Barbodes) hypselonotus Blkr.
			c.	Less than 30 scales in the lateral line, 6 above the lateral line. Dorsal fin starting above the base of the ventral fins, anal fin with rays 3/5 or 3/6.
				†	28 or 29 scales in the lateral line. Depth of body contained about 4 times in its length. Length of head greater than depth.
					Ô	Eye diameter contained 2⅓ to 2½ times in the length of the head. Barbels shorter than the eye.
Systomus (Barbodes) macrophtalmus Blkr.
				†’	26 scales in the lateral line. Depth of body contained nearly 2½ times in its length. Depth of head equal to length.
					Ô	Eye diameter contained nearly 3 times in the length of the head. Barbels not shorter than the eye.
Systomus (Barbodes) platysoma Blkr.
		B.	Dorsal spine medium-sized or weak, armed with small teeth. Scales striped with rays originating from a common centre. A. 3/5 or 3/6.
			a.	31 to 34 scales in the lateral line, 5 above the lateral line.
				†	Depth of the body contained nearly 4 to 3⅖ times in its length. Depth of head contained 1¼ to 1⅙ times in its length. Nasal barbels slightly or not shorter than the eye. Upper and lower part of caudal fin with a wide violet-black margin.
Systomus (Barbodes) rubripinna Blkr.
			b.	23 to 27 scales in the lateral line.
				†	6 scales above lateral line. Dorsal and anal fin not emarginate.
				Ô	Barbels shorter than the eye. Depth of the body contained about 3⅓ times in its length. Snout obtuse.
Systomus (Barbodes) bunter Blkr.
		319		†’	5 scales above the lateral line.
					Ô	Body with transverse black bands. Depth of the body contained 2⅘ to 3½ times in its length.
					O	4 broad transverse black bands bordered with yellow. Depth of head contained about 1¼ times in its length. Dorsal and anal fins acute. Upper jaw barbels not much longer than the eye.
Systomus (Barbodes) tetrazona Blkr.
					O’	2 broad transverse black bands and a black longitudinal band on the tail. Head obtuse, depth contained slightly more than once to once in its length. Dorsal and anal fins obtuse. Upper jaw barbels much longer than the eye.
Systomus (Barbodes) lateristriga Blkr.
					Ô’	Body with 6 black longitudinal bands.
					O	Depth of the body contained 3⅓ to 4 times in its length; head acute, depth contained 1½ to 1¼ times in its length. Dorsal and anal fin acute, emarginate. Upper jaw barbels longer than the eye.
Systomus (Barbodes) fasciatus Blkr.
					Ô’’	Body without transverse or longitudinal bands.
					O	Head very obtuse, truncate, depth contained about 1⅕ times in its length. Depth of the body contained 4⅗ times in its length. Upper jaw barbels longer than the eye. Dorsal and anal fins acute, not emarginate.
Systomus (Barbodes) obtusirostris Blkr.
					O’	Head acute or slightly acute. Barbels considerably longer than the eye. Dorsal and anal fins acute. Depth of the body contained slightly over 3 to 4½ times in its length.
					Ó	Nucho-dorsal line strongly convex. Scales on the middle of the flanks not much larger than the other scales, 3 between lateral line and ventral base.
Systomus (Barbodes) maculatus Blkr.
					Ó’	Nucho-dorsal line nearly straight or hardly convex. Scales on the middle of the flanks much larger than those on the anterior and posterior part of the body, 2 between lateral line and ventral base.
320 Systomus (Barbodes) goniosoma Blkr.
	2.	Anal fin obtuse, convex, rays 3/9 or 3/10. Dorsal spine thick, armed with medium-sized teeth. 28 or 29 scales in the lateral line, 5 above the lateral line.
		A.	Head obtuse, length equal to depth or slightly greater. Barbels much shorter than the eye. Dorsal and caudal fin with a rather broad black margin.
Systomus (Barbodes) marginatus Blkr.
II	2 barbels, upper jaw barbels only (subgenus Capoëta).
	1.	Dorsal spine medium-sized, dentate. Barbels much shorter than the eye. Dorsal fin starting above ventral fins. D. 4/8 or 4/9.
		A.	38 or 39 scales in the lateral line, 7 above the lateral line. Lateral line visible on all of the body. A. 3/8 or 3/9. V 2/9. Depth of the body about 4½ times in its length. Scales without stripes or with very sparse stripes.
Systomus (Capoëta) padangensis Blkr.
		B.	21 scales in the lateral line, 6 above lateral line. Lateral line not visible behind the vent. A. 3/5 or 3/6. V 2/8. Depth of the body contained 2¾ to 3 times in its length. 4 transverse blackish-violet bands on the body. Scales striped with rays originating from a common centre.
Systomus (Capoëta) sumatranus Blkr.
	2.	Dorsal spine thin, without teeth. A. 3/5 or 3/6. V. 2/8 or 2/9. D. 4/8 or 4/9.
		A.	24 to 27 scales in the lateral line, 5 above lateral line. Lateral line visible on all of the body. Scales striped with rays originating from a common centre.
			a.	Depth of the body contained 3¼ to 3⅓ times in its length. Head contained 4½ to nearly 5 times in the length of the body. Head-tail bands diffuse, silver.
Systomus (Capoëta) brevis Blkr.
			b.	Depth of the body contained 3⅖ to 3⅚ times in its length. Head contained 5 to 5⅓ times in the length of the body. Tail with a round, blackish-violet spot.
Systomus (Capoëta) leiacanthus Blkr.
		B.	16 scales in the lateral line, 4 above lateral line. Lateral line visible only on the anterior part of the body. Scales with longitudinal stripes on the free half and on the basal half.
			a.	Depth of the body contained 3¼ to 3⅓ times in its length.
321 Systomus (Capoëta) oligolepis Blkr.
III	No barbels (subgenus Systomus)
	1.	Dorsal spine thick, serrated with large teeth. Snout obtuse, truncate. Teeth 2.3.4/4.3.2.
		A.	36 or 37 scales in the lateral line. Anal fin with rays 3/5 to 3/6.
			a.	9 scales above the lateral line. Head contained 6⅕ times in the length of the body. Depth of the body contained about 2⅔ times in its length. Depth of dorsal fin contained nearly twice in the depth of the body, much less than twice as high as base length. V. 2/8.
Systomus (Systomus) Waandersi Blkr.
			b.	8 scales above lateral line. Head contained 4⅔ to 5⅔ times in the length of the body. Depth of the body contained 3 to 3⅖ times in its length. Dorsal fin not much lower than the body, twice as high as base length. V. 2/9.
Systomus (Systomus) bulu Blkr.
		B.	33 to 35? scales in the lateral line, 8 above the lateral line. Anal fin with rays 3/6 or 3/7.
			a.	Head contained slightly over 5 to 5⅓ times in the length of the body. Depth of the body contained 3½ times in its length. Dorsal fin not much lower than the body, much less than twice as high as base length. V. 2/9.
Systomus (Systomus) lawak Blkr.

Systomus (Barbodes) belinka Blkr. – Staartvinbandige Lalawak [Caudal fin band Lalawak].

Atl. Cypr. Tab. XXXI fig. 1.

Fig. 62. Puntius (Barbodes) belinka Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XXXVII, Fig. 1. TL figure 94 mm.

A Systomus (Barbodes) with an oblong compressed body, depth of body contained 3⅗ to 3½ times in its length, width contained 2¼ to 2½ times in its depth. Head slightly obtuse, contained 4¾ to 5⅓ times in length of body with caudal fin, 3½ to 4 times in length of body without caudal fin; depth of head contained 1⅕ to 1⅙ times in its length, width contained 1¾ to 1⅗ times in its length; eye diameter contained 2¼ to 2¾ times in the length of the head, eye diameter contained 1 to 1⅕ times in the postocular part of the head; palpebral membrane covering the external margin of the iris only, opening nearly circular; snout slightly obtuse, convex, shorter than the eye, not sticking out in front of the mouth; nostrils closer to the orbit than to the tip of the snout; rostro-dorsal profile hardly or not concave between the snout and the nape, very convex on the nape; interorbital line slightly convex; anterior suborbital bone pentagonal, depth slightly or not greater than length, lower margin nearly horizontal, anterior and posterior lower margins truncate or convex, upper margins concave united into an upward facing angle close to the nose; lower half traversed by a longitudinal, nearly horizontal crest; 2nd suborbital bone elongate-quadrangular, length more than 322 twice as great as depth, more than twice as low as 1st suborbital bone; upper jaw longer than lower jaw, moderately vertically downward protrusable, ending below the anterior rim of the eye, contained about 3 times in the length of the head; gape strongly oblique, barbels thin, upper jaw barbels slightly longer than nasal barbels, slightly longer or shorter than the eye; lower jaw at the symphysis with a conical, obtuse, little conspicuous tubercle, lower part without visible pores; lips thin, terete, not conspicuously rugose; width of gill cover contained nearly 2 times to 2 times in its depth, lower margin nearly straight or slightly convex; gill opening ending below the posterior margin of the preoperculum. Pharyngeal teeth slightly hooked to slightly spoon-shaped to grinding, 2.3.5/5.3.2; more or less tuberculate on the chewing surface; scapula triangular, obtuse, rounded; back strongly elevated, angular, higher than the belly; belly flat anterior to ventral fins, angular at the flanks, behind ventral fins rounded, not ridged; depth of tail contained 1⅘ to 2 times in the length of the head; scales generally without visible longitudinal stripes, seldom with very sparse stripes, 37 or 38 scales in the lateral line, 15 in a transverse row (without the lowest ventral scales) of which 9 (8½) above the lateral line, 15 or 16 in a longitudinal row between occiput and dorsal fin, lowest ventral scales in three longitudinal rows, scales in medial row not larger than those in flanking rows; lateral line strongly curved, each scale marked by a simple tube generally reaching the centre of the scale; dorsal fin starting above the base of the ventral fins, acute, emarginate, depth contained 1⅓ to 1½ times in the depth of the body, much deeper but much less than twice as deep as base length, spine thick, posteriorly serrated with large teeth, with a flexible part not or hardly longer than the head; pectoral fins and ventral fins acute, nearly equal in length, contained 6½ to 7 times in the length of the body, pectoral fins reaching or nearly reaching ventral fins, ventral fins reaching or nearly reaching anal fin; anal fin acute, emarginate, much lower but much less than twice as low as dorsal fin, not much higher than base length, simple third ray medium-sized, bony only on the base; caudal fin scaled only at the base, with a deep incision, lobes acute, contained 3⅓ to 3½ times in the length of the body. Colour: upper part of the body green, lower part silver, iris yellow, upper part dark; scales on back, flanks and tail each with a small transverse, crescent-shaped, dark or violet band; fins pink, upper part of dorsal fin, except for the top of the tip, broadly blackish-dark, caudal fin with a longitudinal, intermarginal dark-violet band on each lobe.


	B. 3. D. 4/8 or 4/9. V. 1/14. V. 2/8. A. 3/5 or 3/6. C. 8/17/8, short flanking ones included.
	Syn.	Belinka Mal. Sumatr.
	Hab.	Sumatra (Padang, Solok, Sinkara), in rivers and lakes.
	Length of 9 specimens 61’’’ to 113’’’.

Remark. For a long time I have taken these specimens for juvenile specimens of Systomus (Barbodes) Schwanefeldi, till I came in the possession of proper juvenile specimens of the last mentioned species, which have taught me that they totally agree in habitus with the older specimens and disagree essentially from Systomus (Barbodes) belinka.

The most important of these differences have been noted in the description of Systomus (Barbodes) Schwanefeldi. The coloration of Systomus (Barbodes) belinka also inclines more to bluish, and that of Systomus (Barbodes) Schwanefeldi more to olive. In the species in question the tail is lower in relation to the length of the head.

My specimens all originate from the west coast of Sumatra, where it occurs up to high in the drainage areas. I cannot determine whether the species becomes larger than my largest specimens

323 Systomus (Barbodes) Schwanefeldi Blkr. – Schwanefeld’s Lalawak.

Atl. Cypr. Tab. XXXVII.

Fig. 63. Puntius (Barbodes) Schwanefeldi Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XXXV, Fig. 3. TL figure 256 mm.

A Systomus (Barbodes) with an oblong, compressed body, depth of body contained 3 to 2⅗ times in its length, width contained 2⅔ to 3¼ times in its depth. Head slightly obtuse, contained slightly over 5 to 6 times in length of body with caudal fin, 3½ to nearly 4 times in length of body without caudal fin; depth of head contained 1⅙ to 1⅛ times in its length, width contained about 1⅗ times in its length; eye diameter contained 2⅓ to 3 times in the length of the head, eye diameter contained 1⅕ times to once in the postocular part of the head, distance between the eyes once to 1⅓ times their diameter; palpebral membrane covering the external margin of the iris only, opening nearly circular; snout slightly obtuse, convex, shorter than the eye, not sticking out in front of the mouth; nostrils closer to the orbit than to the tip of the snout; rostro-dorsal profile strongly concave between snout and nape, strongly convex on the nape; interorbital line convex; anterior suborbital bone pentagonal, depth slightly or not greater than length, lower margin nearly horizontal, anterior and posterior lower margins convex, upper margins concave, united into an acute, upward pointing angle close to the nostrils; traversed about the middle by a longitudinal, nearly horizontal crest; 2nd suborbital bone obliquely quadrangular, depth greater anteriorly than posteriorly, length about twice as great as depth; about twice as low as 1st suborbital bone; upper jaw longer than lower jaw, moderately vertically downward protrusable, ending below the anterior part of the eye, contained about 3 times in the length of the head; gape rather oblique; barbels thin, generally slightly longer than the eye, nasal barbels generally slightly shorter than upper jaw barbels; lower jaw at the symphysis with a conical, obtuse tubercle, the underside without visible pores; lips thin, terete, lightly transversely rugose; width of gill cover contained 1¾ to 2 times in its depth, lower margin nearly straight or slightly concave; gill opening ending below the posterior margin of the preoperculum. Pharyngeal teeth hooked to slightly spoon-shaped to grinding, 2.3.5/5.3.2; on the chewing surface rugose-tuberculate; scapula obtuse, rounded; back strongly elevated, much higher than the belly; belly flat anterior to ventral fins, angular at the flanks, behind ventral fins rounded, not ridged; depth of tail contained 1⅔ to nearly 1½ times in the length of the head; scales generally for the free half and sometimes also the basal half with longitudinal, slightly ray-like stripes; 36 in the lateral line, 13 in a transverse row (without the lowest ventral scales) of which 8 (7½) above the lateral line, 14 in a longitudinal row between occiput and dorsal fin, lowest ventral scales in three longitudinal rows, scales in medial row not or hardly larger than those in flanking rows; lateral line strongly curved, descending below rostro-caudal line, each scale marked by a simple tube generally not reaching the centre of the scale; dorsal fin starting above the base of the ventral fins, acute, emarginate, depth contained 1⅓ to 1¾ times in the depth of the body, much deeper but much less than twice as deep as base length; spine thick, posteriorly serrated with rather large teeth, with a flexible part not much longer than the head; pectoral fins and ventral fins acute, nearly equal in length, contained 5½ to 6½ times in the length of the body, pectoral fins reaching or nearly reaching ventral fins, ventral fins reaching or nearly reaching anal fin; anal fin acute, emarginate, much lower but much less than twice as low as dorsal fin, not much deeper than base length, simple third ray medium-sized, bony only at the base; caudal fin scaled only at the base, with a deep incision, lobes acute, contained 3⅗ to 3⅖ times in the length of the body. Colour: upper part of the body green, lower part silver, iris yellow, upper part dark; scales on back, flanks and tail generally with a small, violetish band at the base; dorsal fin for the basal half beautiful red, for the top half violet-black, the tip itself red, however; pectoral fins, ventral fins and anal fin pink, caudal fin pink, upper and lower margin red, with a longitudinal, intramarginal violet-dark band on each lobe.


	B. 3. D. 4/8 or 4/9. P. 1/14 or 1/15. V. 2/8. A. 3/5 or 3/6. C. 7/17/7, short flanking ones included.
	Syn.	Barbus Schwanefeldii Blkr, Nieuwe tient. Vischs. Sumatra, Nat. T. Ned. Ind. V p. 517 (partly).
	324	Lampan Lampong.
	Hab.	Sumatra (Pangabuang, Palembang, Moara-kompeh, Padang, Solok, Sinkara), in rivers and lakes.
		Borneo (Pontianak), in rivers.
	Length of 7 specimens 88’’’ to 260’’’.

Remark. My above mentioned description of Systomus (Barbodes) Schwanefeldi is, as became apparent since then, made on the basis of two different species, i.e. after large specimens of Systomus (Barbodes) Schwanefeldi and smaller ones of Systomus (Barbodes) belinka, which I earlier took for juvenile specimens of the first mentioned species. A mistake, which I only recognized after I also had received smaller specimens of Systomus (Barbodes) Schwanefeldi. I can now determine specific differences. In Systomus (Barbodes) belinka I constantly find one or two scales more in the lateral line and one longitudinal row more above the lateral line. Furthermore, the scales are totally not striated or show only very few faintly visible longitudinal small stripes. Moreover the body is constantly more slender and in none of my specimens anything can be observed of the large black dorsal fin blotch of Systomus (Barbodes) Schwanefeldi.

Till now I only know this species from Sumatra and Borneo.

Systomus (Barbodes) amblycephalus Blkr. – Rondkoppige Lalawak [Round-headed Lalawak].

Atl. Cypr. Tab. XXXVIII.

Fig. 64. Puntius (Barbodes) amblycephalus Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XXXVI, Fig. 2. TL figure 283 mm.

A Systomus (Barbodes) with an oblong, compressed body, depth of body contained about 3 times in its length, width contained nearly 3 times in its depth. Head obtuse, contained about 6 times in length of body with caudal fin, about 4½ times in length of body without caudal fin; depth of head contained about once in its length, width about 1⅖ times; eye diameter contained about 3¼ times in the length of the head, eye diameter contained about 1⅔ times in the postocular part of the head, distance between the eyes nearly 1½ times their diameter; palpebral membrane covering the external margin of the iris only, opening nearly circular; snout obtuse, convex, shorter than the eye, not sticking out in front of the mouth; nostrils closer to the orbit than to the tip of the snout; rostro-dorsal profile convex nearly everywhere, not convex only in the region of the occiput and nape; interorbital line convex; anterior suborbital bone pentagonal, depth about equal to length, lower part nearly horizontal, anterior and posterior lower margins short, convex, upper margins concave, united into an acute, upward facing angle close to the nostrils, lower half traversed by a longitudinal, crest, not parallel to the lower margin; 2nd suborbital bone oblong-quadrangular, length nearly twice as great as depth; about twice as low as 1st suborbital bone; upper jaw longer than lower jaw, moderately vertically downward protrusable, ending below the anterior part of the eye, contained 3 times in the length of the head; gape slightly oblique; barbels thin, upper jaw barbels slightly longer than nasal barbels, hardly longer than the eye; lower jaw at the symphysis with a conical, obtuse, short, hardly visible tubercle, underside without conspicuous pores; lips thin, terete, not rugose; width of gill cover contained about 1⅘ times in its depth, lower margin nearly straight; branchial opening ending below the posterior margin of the preoperculum. Pharyngeal teeth hooked to slightly spoon-shaped to grinding, 2.3.5/5.3.2; on the chewing surface rugose-tuberculate, internal 2 teeth in the longest row conical, acuminate at the tip without chewing surface; scapula triangular, obtuse, rounded; back strongly elevated, angular, much 325 higher than the belly; belly flat anterior to ventral fins, angular at the flanks, behind ventral fins rounded, not ridged; depth of tail contained about 1⅖ times in the length of the head; scales for the free half and basal half with longitudinal or slightly ray-like stripes, 35 or 36 scales in the lateral line, 12 in a transverse row (without the lowest ventral scales) of which 7 (6½) above the lateral line, 10 or 11 in a longitudinal row between occiput and dorsal fin, lowest ventral scales in three longitudinal rows, scales in medial row gradually increasing in size posteriorly, scales in posterior scales larger than those in flanking rows; lateral line curved, reaching rostro-caudal line, each scale marked by a simple tube generally not reaching the centre of the scale; dorsal fin starting slightly behind the base of the ventral fins, acute, emarginate, not much less than twice as low as the body, considerably less high but very much less than twice as high as base length, spine very thick, posteriorly armed with large teeth, with a flexible part hardly longer than the head; pectoral fins and ventral fins acute, nearly equal in length, contained slightly over 6 times in the length of the body, pectoral fins reaching ventral fins, ventral fins not reaching anal fin; anal fin acute, emarginate, not very much lower than dorsal fin, not very much higher than base length, simple third ray medium-sized, bony only at the base; caudal fin scaled only at the base, with a deep incision, lobes acute, contained nearly 4 times in the length of the body. Colour: upper part of the body green, lower part silver, iris yellow, upper part dark; scales on back, flanks and tail each with a small, violetish transverse band at the base; dorsal and caudal fin pink or yellowish with a dark margin, pectoral fins pink or yellowish, ventral fins and anal fin whitish.


	B. 3. D. 4/8 or 4/9. P. 1/15. V. 2/8. A. 3/5 or 3/6. C. 7/17/7, short flanking ones included.
	Syn.	Barbus amblycephalus Blkr, Achtste bijdr. ichth. Borneo, Nat. T. Ned. Ind. VIII p. 166.
	Hab.	Borneo (Pengaron), in rivers.
	Length of sole specimen 290’’’.

Remark. Closely related to Systomus (Barbodes) erythropterus Blkr, the species in question differs primarily from it by a more convex profile, 3 to 4 scales more in the lateral line, shorter barbels, a less curved lateral line, a lower dorsal fin, a lower and much more blunt head, etc. By its scale formula it also approaches Systomus (Barbodes) Schwanefeldi, but it has a different habitus, a much more blunt and higher head, no black dorsal fin spot or caudal fin bands, etc.

The species till now has become know to me by only one specimen form southern Borneo, and is, as far as is known, the Cyprinoid species which is the most easterly restricted in the Archipelago. Systomus (Barbodes) maculates Blkr. and a few other Cyprinoids indeed also inhabit in the most eastern part of southern Borneo, but their distribution is also extended far westerly in the Archipelago till Sumatra and Singapore.

Systomus (Barbodes) erythopterus Blkr. – Roodvinnige Lalawak [Red finned Lalawak]

Atl. Cypr. Tab. XXXIX.

Fig. 65. Puntius (Barbodes) erythropterus Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XXVI, Fig. 1. TL figure 249 mm.

A Systomus (Barbodes) with an oblong, compressed body, depth of body contained 3⅖ to 3⅙ times in its length, width contained 2⅔ to 3 times in its depth. Head slightly obtuse, contained 5¾ to 6⅓ times in length of body with caudal fin, slightly over 4 to 4⅘ times in length of body without caudal fin; depth of head contained 1⅕ to 1¼ times in its length, width about 1⅗ times; eye diameter contained 2⅔ to 3 times in the length of the head, eye diameter contained slightly over once 326 to 1⅓ times in the postocular part of the head, distance between the eyes once to 1⅓ times their diameter; palpebral membrane covering the external margin of the iris only, opening nearly circular; snout obtuse, convex, shorter than the eye, not sticking out in front of the mouth; nostrils closer to the orbit than to the tip of the snout; rostro-dorsal profile between forehead and nape, especially in younger animals slightly concave, strongly convex on the nape; interorbital line convex; anterior suborbital bone pentagonal, depth greater than length, lower margin nearly horizontal, anterior and posterior lower margins generally convex, upper margins concave, united into an acute, upward pointing angle close to the nostrils, lower half traversed by a longitudinal, nearly horizontal crest; 2nd suborbital bone oblong-quadrangular, depth greater anteriorly than posteriorly, length less than twice as great as depth, generally less than twice as low as 1st suborbital bone; upper jaw longer than lower jaw, moderately vertically downward protrusable, ending below the anterior rim of the eye, contained 3 to 3¼ times in the length of the head; gape slightly oblique; barbels thin, upper jaw and nasal barbels nearly equal in length, slightly to not longer than the eye; lower jaw at the symphysis with a conical, obtuse, short, hardly visible tubercle, underside without conspicuous pores; lips thin, terete, lower inner surface transversely rugose; width of gill cover contained 1⅔ to 1¾ times in its depth, lower margin nearly straight; gill opening ending below the posterior margin of the preoperculum. Pharyngeal teeth hooked to slightly spoon-shaped to grinding, 2.3.5/5.3.2; tuberculate on the chewing surface, internal 2 teeth in the longest row conical, acuminate without chewing surface; scapula triangular, obtuse, rounded; back strongly elevated, angular, much higher than the belly; belly flat anterior to ventral fins, angular at the flanks, behind ventral fins rounded, not ridged; depth of tail contained 1½ to about 1⅗ times in the length of the head; scales for the free half with longitudinal stripes, for the basal half not or hardly striped; 32 or 33 scales in the lateral line, 12 in a transverse row (without the lowest ventral scales) of which 7 (6½) above the lateral line, 12 in a longitudinal row between occiput and dorsal fin, lowest ventral scales in three longitudinal rows, gradually increasing in size posteriorly, posterior scales larger than those in flanking rows; lateral line strongly curved, descending below the rostro-caudal line, each scale marked by a simple tube generally not reaching the centre of the scale; dorsal fin starting above the base of the ventral fins, acute, emarginate, depth contained about 1⅖ times in the depth of the body, not much less than twice as high as base length, spine thick, posteriorly serrated with rather large teeth, with a flexible part considerably longer than the head; pectoral fins and ventral fins acute, nearly equal in length, contained 6 to 7 times in the length of the body, pectoral fins not reaching ventral fins, ventral fins not reaching anal fin; anal fin acute, emarginate, much lower but much less than twice as low as dorsal fin, much higher but much less than twice as high as base length, simple third ray medium-sized, bony only at the base; caudal fin scaled only at the base, with a deep incision, lobes acute, contained 3⅔ to 4 times in the length of the body. Colour: upper part of the body green, lower part silver, iris yellow, upper part dark; scales on back, flanks and tail generally with a violetish transverse band at the base; fins beautiful red or pink, dorsal and caudal fin generally with a dark margin.


	B. 3. D. 4/8 or 4/9. P. 1/15. V. 2/8. A. 3/5 or 3/6. C. 8/17/8, short flanking ones included.
	Syn.	Barbus erythropterus Blkr, Verh. Bat. Gen. XXIII Ichth. Midd. Oost-Java p. 15.
		Lalawak, Wader-mejrah Mal. Javan.
	Hab.	Java (Batavia, Surabaya, Kediri), in rivers.
		Borneo (Pengaron), in rivers.
	Length of 13 specimens 125’’’ to 248’’’.

I discovered this species in 1848 in Surabaya and described it at the above mentioned place after a specimen with a length of 175”’. Since then I also found it in Batavia, while I also received it simultaneously with the related Systomus (Barbodes) amphycephalus Blkr. from south-east Borneo. In relationship it 327 stands between the lastmentioned species and Systomus (Barbodes) bramoides. In habitus it resembles Systomus (Barbodes) amblycephalus most, however, it has less scales in the lateral line, the heads much less blunt and longer than high, etc. Its main differences with Systomus (Barbodes) bramoides lie in the relative width of the gill cover, the relative height of the tail and the constantly larger number of scale in the lateral line. On Java they are much less common than Systomus (Barbodes) bramoides.

Systomus (Barbodes) bramoides Blkr. – Bleiachtige Lalawak [Bleak-like Lalawak].

Atl. Cypr. Tab. XL.

Fig. 66. Puntius (Barbodes) bramoides Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XXV, Fig. 2. TL figure 225 mm.

A Systomus (Barbodes) with an oblong, compressed body, depth of body contained 3¼ to 3 times in its length, width contained 2⅔ to slightly over 3 times in its depth. Head slightly obtuse, contained 5½ to 6⅗ times in length of body with caudal fin, 4 to 4¾ times in length of body without caudal fin; depth of head contained 1⅕ to 1⅛ times in its length, width 1⅗ to 1½ times; eye diameter contained 2½ to slightly over 3 times in the length of the head, eye diameter contained once to 1⅓ times in the postocular part of the head, distance between the eyes once to 1⅓ times their diameter; palpebral membrane covering the external margin of the iris only, opening nearly circular; snout slightly obtuse, convex, shorter than the eye, not sticking out in front of the mouth; nostrils closer to the orbit than to the tip of the snout; rostro-dorsal profile between snout and nape in younger animals slightly concave, in old animals concave, strongly convex on the nape; anterior suborbital bone pentagonal, depth slightly greater than length, lower margin oblique, anterior and posterior lower margins convex or truncate, upper margins slightly concave, united into an acute, upward pointing angle close to the nostrils, lower half traversed by a longitudinal, slightly obliquely descending crest; 2nd suborbital bone obliquely quadrangular, depth much greater anteriorly than posteriorly, length less than twice as great as depth, less than twice as low as 1st suborbital bone; upper jaw longer than lower jaw, moderately downward protrusable, ending below the anterior rim of the eye, contained 3 to 3⅓ times in the length of the head; gape slightly oblique; barbels thin, upper jaw barbels slightly longer than nasal barbels, not or slightly longer or shorter than the eye; lower jaw at the symphysis with an obtuse, little conspicuous tubercle, underside without visible pores; lips thin, terete, transversely rugose; width of gill cover contained about 2 times in its depth, lower margin slightly convex or nearly straight; gill opening ending below the posterior margin of the preoperculum. Pharyngeal teeth hooked to slightly spoon-shaped to grinding, 2.3.5/5.3.2; on the chewing surface rugose-tuberculate; scapula triangular, obtuse, rounded; back elevated, angular, higher than the convex belly; belly flat anterior to ventral fins, angular at the flanks, behind ventral fins rounded, not ridged; depth of tail contained 1⅓ to 1½ times in the length of the head; scales for the free half and generally also for the basal half with slightly ray-like stripes; 30 or 31 scales in the lateral line, 12 in a transverse row (without the lowest ventral scales) of which 7 (6½) above the lateral line, 12 or 13 in a longitudinal row between occiput and dorsal fin, lowest ventral scales in three longitudinal rows, scales in medial row gradually increasing in size posteriorly, posterior scales larger than in flanking rows; lateral line curved, descending below the rostro-caudal line, each scale marked by a simple tube not or hardly reaching the centre of the scale; dorsal fin starting above or hardly behind the base of the ventral fins, acute, emarginate, depth contained 1½ to 1¾ times in the depth of the body, much higher but much less than twice as high as base length, spine thick, posteriorly armed with large teeth, with a flexible part considerably longer than the head; pectoral fins and ventral fins acute, nearly equal in length, contained 6 to 6¾ times in the length of the body, pectoral fins in younger animals reaching or nearly reaching ventral fins, in old animals ventral fins 328 not reaching anal fin; anal fin acute, emarginate, much lower but much less than twice as low as dorsal fin, not much higher than base length, simple third ray medium-sized, bony only at the base; caudal fin scaled only at the base, with a deep incision, lobes acute, contained 3⅗ to 3⅘ times in the length of the body. Colour: upper part of the body green, lower part silver, iris yellow, upper part tinged with pink and a dark colour; fins faintly pink-hyaline, ventral fins, anal and caudal fin with red tips, upper part of dorsal fin generally with dark speckles.


	B. 3. D. 4/8 or 4/9. P. 1/14 to 1/16. V. 2/8. A. 3/5 or 3/6. C. 7/17/7, short flanking ones included.
	Syn.	Barbus bramoides Val., Poiss. XVI p. 119, Fisch. Syr. p. 28.
		Barbeau brémoide Val. Poiss XVI p. 119.
		Barbus bremoides Val., Poiss. XVI p. X.
		Barbus wadon Blkr, Verh. Bat. Gen. XXIII Ichth. Midd. Oost-Java p. 14.
		Lawak, Lalawak, Wadon Mal. Gengehek, Turap-hawu, Regis Sundan. Wader, Lukas Javan.
	Hab.	Java (Batavia, Tjibitong, Tandjong-oost, Buitenzorg, Tjampoa, Tjikao, Parongkalong, Kuningan, Banjumas, Ngawi, Surabaya), in rivers.
	Length of 27 specimens 95’’’ to 248’’’.

Remark. My earlier Barbus wadon, described on the basis of juvenile specimens from Surabaya, does not differ specifically from Barbus bramoides Val. like I believed earlier. The description of Barbus bramoides in the large Histoire naturelle des Poissons certainly concerns the species described here, of which I observed a large number of specimens of different sizes. It is closely related to Systomus (Barbodes) erythropterus and mainly differs from it only by a more blunt profile, less wide gill cover, a higher caudal fin, and one or two scales less in the lateral line.

On Java this species is very common. With Systomus (Barbodes) rubripinnis it is the most commonly caught species of the genus, at least in the lower regions.

Systomus (Barbodes) javanicus Blkr. – Javaansche Lalawak [Javanese Lalawak].

Atl. Cypr. tab XLII.

Fig. 67. Puntius (Barbodes) javanicus Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XXXVII, Fig. 2. TL figure 302 mm.

A Systomus (Barbodes) with an oblong, compressed body, depth of body contained 3¼ to 3 times in its length, width contained 2⅔ to 3 times in its depth. Head slightly acute, contained slightly over 5 to 6 times in length of body with caudal fin, 4 to 4⅗ times in length of body without caudal fin; depth of head contained 1¼ to 1⅙ times in its length, width 1⅗ to 1⅔ times; eye diameter contained slightly over 3 to 3⅔ times in the length of the head, eye diameter contained 1½ to 1⅗ times in the postocular part of the head, distance between the eyes 1⅓ to 1⅗ times their diameter; palpebral membrane covering the external margin of the iris only, much broader anteriorly than posteriorly, opening nearly circular; snout slightly acute, lightly convex, shorter than the eye, not sticking out in front of the mouth; nostrils closer to the orbit than to the tip of the snout; rostro-dorsal profile concave between snout and nape, convex on the nape; anterior suborbital bone pentagonal, depth about equal to length, lower margin oblique, anterior and posterior lower margins convex or truncate, upper margins slightly concave, united into an acute upward pointing angle close to the nostrils, lower half traversed by a longitudinal, obliquely descending crest; 2nd suborbital bone elongate-quadrangular, depth slightly or not greater anteriorly than posteriorly, length twice or more than twice as great as depth, more than twice as low 329 as 1st suborbital bone; upper jaw longer than lower jaw, moderately downward protrusable, ending hardly anterior to the eye or below the anterior margin of the eye, contained 3⅓ to 3½ times in the length of the head; gape rather oblique; barbels thin, upper jaw barbels much longer than to twice as long as nasal barbels, more than twice to less than twice as short as the eye; lower jaw at the symphysis with a short, obtuse, little conspicuous tubercle, underside without visible pores; lips medium-sized, terete, transversely lightly rugose; width of gill cover contained 1⅔ to 1¾ times in its depth, lower margin slightly convex; gill opening ending below the posterior margin of the preoperculum. Pharyngeal teeth hooked-slightly spoon-shaped to grinding, 2.3.5/5.3.2; on the chewing surface more or less tuberculate; scapula triangular, obtusely rounded; back elevated, angular, higher than the convex belly; belly flat anterior to ventral fins, angular at the flanks, behind ventral fins obtusely ridged; depth of tail contained 1⅔ to 1⅖ times in the length of the head; scales for the free half and for the basal half with longitudinal stripes; 31 to 33 scales in the lateral line, 11 in a transverse row (without the lowest ventral scales) of which 6 (5½) above the lateral line, 11 or 12 in a longitudinal row between occiput and dorsal fin, lowest ventral scales in three longitudinal rows, scales in medial row gradually increasing in size posteriorly, posterior scales in those rows generally larger than those in flanking rows; lateral line curved, descending below the rostro-caudal line, each scale marked by a simple tube which does not reach the centre of the scale; dorsal fin starting hardly behind the base of the ventral fins, acute, emarginate, depth contained 1⅓ to 1¾ times in the depth of the body, twice as deep to not much less than twice as deep as base length, spine thick, posteriorly serrated with rather large teeth, with a flexible part not much longer than the head; pectoral fins and ventral fins acute, pectoral fins generally longer than ventral fins, contained 5¾ to 6 times in the length of the body, pectoral fins in younger fishes generally reaching the ventral fins, in adults generally not reaching the ventral fins; anal fin acute, emarginate, much lower but much less than twice as low as dorsal fin, considerably higher to much less than twice as high as base length, simple third ray bony only at the base; caudal fin scaled only at the base, with a deep incision, lobes acute, contained 4 to 4¼ times in the length of the body. Colour: upper part of the body green, lower part silver, iris yellow, scales on back, flanks and tail each with a transverse crescent shaped violet-dark band at the base; fins pink-greenish, pectoral and ventral fins of a fainter colour, unequal more or less speckled.


	B. 3. D. 4/8 or 4/9. P. 1/14 or 1/15. V. 2/8. A. 3/6 or 3/7. C. 7/17/7 or 8/18/8, short flanking ones included.
	Syn.	Barbus javanicus Blkr, Verslag verz. vissch. van Oost-Java, Nat. T. Ned. Ind. IX p. 403.
		Lawak, Lalawak Mal. Turu-behaw Sundan.
	Hab.	Java (Batavia, Krawang, Bekassi, Tjiandjur, Parongkalong, Ngawi, Gempol), in rivers.
	Length of 33 specimens 139’’’ to 315’’’.

Remark. Of all species in my collection Systomus (Barbodes) javanicus Blkr. is most closely related to Systomus (Barbodes) gonionotus Blkr. However, it can be distinguished by a higher body, a more acute and relatively larger head, a more pointed snout, a concave profile anterior to the nape, and a remarkable broader gill cover (the width of which in Systomus (Barbodes) gonionotus goes twice in its length) etc. The differences are very apparent when equal sized specimens of both species are compared. On the other hand the species in question is related to Systomus (Barbodes) bramoides, but can easily be distinguished from it by the formula of its anal fin rays and of the longitudinal scale rows above the lateral line. 330 It is especially common in the river Tjitarum and is sometimes caught in large quantities in its delta branches and from there taken overseas to the market in Batavia.

Systomus (Barbodes) koilometopon Blkr. – Spitskoppige Lalawak [Acute headed Lalawak].

Atl. Cypr. Tab. XXXI.

Fig. 68. Puntius (Barbodes) koilometopon Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XXX, Fig. 1. TL figure 155 mm.

A Systomus (Barbodes) with an oblong compressed body, depth of body contained about 3 times in its length, width contained about 2⅔ times in its depth. Head slightly acute, contained 5 to 5¼ times in length of body with caudal fin, 4 to nearly 4 times in length of body without caudal fin; depth of head contained 1¼ times in its length, width about 1½ times; eye diameter contained slightly over 3 times in the length of the head, eye diameter contained 1⅓ times in the postocular part of the head, distance between the eyes 1⅖ times their diameter; palpebral membrane covering the external margin of the iris only, broader anteriorly than posteriorly, opening nearly circular; snout slightly acute, convex, shorter than the eye, not sticking out in front of the mouth; nostrils closer to the orbit than to the tip of the snout; rostro-dorsal profile strongly concave on crown and nape, convex on the anterior part of the back; anterior suborbital bone pentagonal, depth about equal to length, lower margin oblique, anterior and posterior lower margins convex, upper margins slightly concave, united into an acute, upward pointing angle close to the nostrils, lower half traversed by a longitudinal, obliquely descending crest; 2nd suborbital bone elongate-quadrangular, depth hardly greater anteriorly than posteriorly, length more than twice as great as depth; more than twice as low as 1st suborbital bone; upper jaw longer than lower jaw, moderately downward protrusable, hardly sticking out in front of the eye, contained 3⅖ to 3½ times in the length of the head; gape strongly oblique; barbels slender, upper jaw barbels much longer than nasal barbels, about twice as short as the eye; lower jaw at the symphysis with an obtuse, little conspicuous tubercle, underside on both branches with some little conspicuous pores in a longitudinal row; lips thin, terete, transversely rugose; width of gill cover contained about twice in its depth, lower margin convex; gill opening ending below the posterior part of the preoperculum. Pharyngeal teeth hooked to slightly spoon-shaped to grinding, 2.3.5/5.3.2; on the chewing surface more or less tuberculate; scapula triangular, obtusely rounded; back strongly elevated, angular, higher than the convex belly; belly flat anterior to ventral fins, angular at the flanks, behind ventral fins obtusely ridged; depth of tail contained about 1⅗ times in the length of the head; scales with longitudinal stripes or ray-like stripes originating from a common centre on the free half and on the basal half; 31 scales in the lateral line, 11 in a transverse row (without the lowest ventral scales) of which 6 (5½) above the lateral line, 11 in a longitudinal row between occiput and dorsal fin, lowest ventral scales in three longitudinal rows, scales in medial row not or hardly larger than those in flanking rows; lateral line strongly curved, descending below the rostro-caudal line, each scale marked by an simple tube not reaching the centre of the scale; dorsal fin starting hardly behind the base of the ventral fins, acute, emarginate, depth contained about 1⅖ times in the depth of the body, about twice as high as base length, spine very thick, posteriorly armed with large teeth, with a flexible part considerably longer than the head; pectoral fins and ventral fins acute, pectoral fins slightly longer than ventral fins, contained 5¼ to 5⅓ times in the length of the body, reaching or nearly reaching ventral fins, ventral fins not reaching anal fins; anal fin acute, emarginate, not much less than twice as low as dorsal fin, much less than twice as high as base length, simple third ray thin, bony only at the base; caudal fin scaled only at the base, with a deep incision, lobes acute, contained 3¾ to nearly 4 times in the length of the body. Colour: upper part of the body green, lower part silver, iris yellowish or pink; fins yellowish-hyaline or pink-hyaline.


	B. 3. D. 4/8 or 4/9. P. 1/15. V. 2/8. A. 3/6 or 3/7. C. 7/17/7 or 8/18/8, short flanking ones included.
331	Syn.	Barbus koilometopon Blkr, Descr. Specier. Pisc. Javan. Nov., Nat. T. Ned. Ind. XIII p. 347.
		Lalawak, Lawak Mal. Batav.
	Hab.	Java (Batavia, Bekassi), in rivers.
	Length of 2 specimens 153’’’ and 164’’’.

Remark. Among the archipelagic species of Barbodes there are three, which have in common, six scale rows above the lateral line, six or seven branched rays in the anal fin, barbels that are shorter than the eye, 31 to 33 scales in the lateral line, and the origin of the dorsal fin slightly posterior to the basis of the pelvic fins. These species are the above described Systomus (Barbodes) javanicus, Systomus (Barbodes) koilometopon and Systomus (Barbodes) gonionotus.

The species in question however can be separated with enough sharpness from both its relatives; from Systomus (Barbodes) javanicus, by its remarkably more slender gill cover, lower, more acute head and more concave profile of the nape; – and from Systomus (Barbodes) gonionotus likewise by the more concave profile and much more pointed and lower head and moreover by a relatively remarkably higher body.

The two specimens of my collection are the only ones that I have seen till now.

Systomus (Barbodes) gonionotus Blkr. – Hoekruggige Lalawak [Angle-backed Lalawak].

Atl. Cypr. Tab. XLI.

Fig. 69. Puntius (Barbodes) gonionotus Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XXVIII, Fig. 1. TL figure 227 mm.

A Systomus (Barbodes) with an oblong, compressed body, depth of body contained 3½ to 3¼ times in its length, width contained 2½ to 2¾ times in its depth. Head slightly obtuse, contained 5½ to 6⅓ times in length of body with caudal fin, 4 to 4⅘ times in length of body without caudal fin; depth of head contained 1⅕ to 1⅛ times in its length, width contained 1⅗ to about 1½ times in its length; eye diameter contained 3 to 3½ times in the length of the head, eye diameter contained 1⅓ to 1⅔ times in the postocular part of the head, distance between the eyes 1¼ to 1½ times their diameter; palpebral membrane covering the external margin of the iris only, broader anteriorly than posteriorly, opening nearly circular; snout obtuse, strongly convex, shorter than the eye, not sticking out in front of the mouth; nostrils closer to the orbit than to the tip of the snout; rostro-dorsal profile in younger animals nearly straight between snout and nape; interorbital line convex; nape strongly convex; anterior suborbital bone pentagonal, depth about equal to length, lower margin oblique, anterior and posterior lower margins convex or slightly truncate, upper margins slightly concave, united into an acute, upward pointing angle close to the nostrils, lower half traversed by a longitudinal, obliquely descending crest; 2nd suborbital bone elongate-quadrangular, depth not much greater anteriorly than posteriorly, length more than twice as great as depth; more than twice as low as 1st suborbital bone; upper jaw longer than lower jaw, moderately downward protrusable, hardly sticking out in front of the eye or ending below the anterior margin of the eye, contained about 3½ times in the length of the head; gape slightly oblique; barbels thin, upper jaw barbels much longer than nasal barbels, more than twice as short as the eye; lower jaw at the symphysis with an obtuse tubercle, slightly hooked at the tip, lower part without visible pores; lips thin, terete, lightly transversely rugose; width of gill cover contained about twice in its depth, lower margin slightly convex; gill opening ending below the posterior part of the preoperculum. Pharyngeal teeth hooked to slightly spoon-shaped to grinding, 2.3.5/5.3.2; on the chewing surface tuberculate; 332 scapula triangular, obtusely rounded; back elevated, angular, higher than the convex belly; belly flat anterior to ventral fins, angular at the flanks, behind ventral fins rounded, not ridged; depth of tail contained 1¾ to 1⅖ times in the length of the head; scales for the free half and for the basal half with longitudinal, slightly ray-like stripes, 31 scales in the lateral line, 11 in a transverse row (without the lowest ventral scales) of which 6 (5½) above the lateral line, 12 in a longitudinal row between occiput and dorsal fin, lowest ventral scales in three longitudinal rows, scales in medial row gradually increasing in size posteriorly, posterior scales in those rows larger than those in the flanking rows; lateral line curved, descending below the rostro-caudal line, each scale marked by a generally simple tube not reaching the centre of the scale; dorsal fin starting slightly behind the base of the ventral fins, acute, emarginate, height contained 1⅖ to 1½ times in the depth of the body, slightly less than twice as high as base length, spine thick, posteriorly serrated with large teeth, with a flexible part not much longer than the head; pectoral fins and ventral fins acute, nearly equal in length, contained nearly 6 to 6½ times in the length of the body, in younger animals pectoral fins reaching or nearly reaching ventral fins, ventral fins not reaching anal fin; anal fin acute, emarginate, considerably lower than dorsal fin, much higher, but much less than twice as high as base length, the simple third ray medium-sized, bony only at the base; caudal fin scaled only at the base, with a deep incision, lobes acute, contained 3¾ to slightly over 4 times in the length of the body. Colour: upper part of the body green, lower part silver, iris yellow, upper part darkish; dorsal, pectoral and caudal fins pink-hyaline or yellowish-hyaline, ventral and anal fins white.


	B. 3. D. 4/8 or 4/9. P. 1/14. V. 2/8. A. 3/6 or 3/7. C. 8/17/8, short flanking ones included.
	Syn.	Barbus goniotus Blkr, Verh. Bat. Gen. v. kunst. wet. XXIII Ichth. Midd. Oost-Java p. 15.
		Lalawak, Lawak Mal. Wader, Beder, Luntjar, Tawes, Javan.
	Hab.	Java (Batavia, Surabaya), in rivers.
	Length of 3 specimens 119’’’ to 240’’’

Remark. The convex head, which is a little longer than high, the blunt snout, the straight profile, and the slender gill cover, are the main characters by which the species in question distinguishes itself from the related species Systomus (Barbodes) koilometopon and Systomus (Barbodes) javanicus. In habitus it agrees more with Systomus (Barbodes) erythropterus and Systomus (Barbodes) amblycephalus, however the posterior insertion of the dorsal fin and the formulas of the scale rows and anal fin rays give safe characters on the basis of which it cannot be mistaken for any of these species.

The species seems to be rather rare on Java, as they have only been sent to me from the two principal capitals of this island.

Systomus (Barbodes) Hugenini Blkr. – Hugenin’s Lalawak.

Atl. Cypr. Tab. XXXII fig. 3.

Fig. 70. Puntius (Barbodes) Hugenini Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XXXII, Fig. 3. TL figure 170 mm.

A Systomus (Barbodes) with an oblong, compressed body, depth of body contained about 3¾ times in its length, width contained nearly 3 times in its depth. Head slightly obtuse, contained 6 times in length of body with caudal fin, about 4½ times in length of body without caudal fin; depth of head contained 1¼ times in its length, width nearly twice; eye diameter contained about 3 times in the length of the head, eye diameter contained slightly more than once in the postocular part of the head, distance between the eyes slightly more than once the eye diameter; palpebral membrane covering the external margin of the iris only, 333 opening nearly circular; snout obtuse, convex, slightly truncate, shorter than the eye, not sticking out in front of the mouth; nostrils closer to the orbit than to the tip of the snout; rostro-dorsal profile sloping on top of the head and on the nape, nearly straight, at the front part of the back convex; anterior suborbital bone pentagonal, depth hardly greater than length, lower margin nearly horizontal, anterior and posterior lower margins convex, upper margins slightly concave, united into an acute, upward pointing angle close to the nostrils, traversed around the middle by a longitudinal crest nearly parallel to the lower margin of the bone; 2nd suborbital bone obliquely quadrangular, depth much greater anteriorly than posteriorly, length less than twice as great as depth, less than twice as low as 1st suborbital bone; upper jaw longer than lower jaw, moderately downward protrusable, hardly sticking out in front of the eye, contained about 3½ times in the length of the head; gape slightly oblique; barbels thin, nasal and upper jaw barbels nearly equal in length, slightly shorter than the eye; lower jaw at the symphysis with an obtuse, little conspicuous tubercle, underside without visible pores; lips thin, terete, transversely rugose; width of gill cover contained nearly twice in its depth, lower margin slightly concave; gill opening ending below the posterior margin of the preoperculum. Pharyngeal teeth hooked to slightly spoon-shaped to grinding, 2.3.5/5.3.2; on the chewing surface more or less tuberculate; scapula triangular, rounded at the tip; back elevated, angular, considerably higher than the convex belly; belly flat anterior to ventral fins, angular at the flanks, behind ventral fins rounded, not ridged; depth of tail contained nearly 1⅗ times in the length of the head; scales on the free half and on the basal half with longitudinal or slightly ray-like stripes, 30 scales in the lateral line, 11 in a transverse row (without the lowest ventral scales) of which 6 (5½) above the lateral line, about 10 in a longitudinal row between occiput and dorsal fin, lowest ventral scales in three longitudinal rows, scales in medial row larger than those in flanking rows; lateral line curved, descending below the rostro-caudal line, each scale marked by a simple tube generally reaching the centre of the scale; dorsal fin starting above the base of the ventral fins, acute, depth contained about 1⅓ times in the depth of the body, much higher but much less than twice as high as base length, spine thick, posteriorly serrated with large teeth, with a flexible part not much longer than the head; pectoral and ventral fins acute, nearly equal in length, contained about 6⅓ times in the length of the body, pectoral fins not reaching ventral fins, ventral fins not reaching anal fin; anal fin acute, emarginate, not much lower than dorsal fin, about twice as high as base length, the simple third ray slender, bony only at the base; caudal fin scaled only at the base, with a deep incision, lobes acute, contained 3⅔ to 3¾ times in the length of the body. Colour: upper part of the body green, lower part silver, scales on back, flanks and tail each with a small, transverse violetish band at the base; iris yellow, upper part darkish; dorsal, fins yellowish or pink, unequal, with dark speckles.


	B. 3. D. 4/8 or 4/9. P. 1/14. V. 2/8. A. 3/5 or 3/6. C. 7/17/7, short flanking ones included.
	Syn.	Barbus Hugenini Blkr, Diagn. Nieuwe vischs. Sumatra, Nat. T. Ned. Ind. IV p. 294.
	Hab.	Sumatra, in the river Ombiling.
	Length of sole specimen 179’’’.

Remark. Related to Systomus (Barbodes) gonionotus and Systomus (Barbodes) hypselonotus, the species in question mainly distinguishes itself from both species by its more slender body and a nearly straight profile from the forehead till the dorsal fin. Moreover it differs from the first mentioned species by one ray less in the anal fin, longer barbels, especially longer snout barbels, which however remain shorter than the eye, by the implantation of the dorsal fin above the pelvic fins, etc., – and from Systomus (Barbodes) hypselonotus by shorter barbels.

334 Systomus (Barbodes) hypselonotus Blkr. – Hoogruggige Lalawak [High-backed Lalawak].

Atl. Cypr. Tab. XXXIV fig. 3.

Fig. 71. Puntius (Barbodes) hypselonotus Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XXXIV, Fig. 3. TL figure 72 mm.

A Systomus (Barbodes) with an oblong, compressed body, depth of body contained about 3¼ times in its length, width contained about 2⅔ times in its depth. Head slightly obtuse, contained slightly over 5 times in length of body with caudal fin, about 3¾ times in length of body without caudal fin; depth of head contained about 1⅕ times in its length, width about 1¾ times; eye diameter contained about 2⅓ times in the length of the head, eye diameter contained slightly more than once in the postocular part of the head, distance between the eyes ¾ to ⅚ times their diameter; palpebral membrane covering the external margin of the iris only, opening nearly circular; snout obtuse, convex, slightly truncate, much shorter than the eye, not sticking out in front of the mouth; nostrils closer to the orbit than to the tip of the snout; rostro-dorsal profile nearly straight between snout and nape, at the nape convex; anterior suborbital bone pentagonal, length hardly or not greater than depth, lower margin nearly horizontal, anterior and posterior lower margins convex or truncate, upper margins slightly concave, united into an acute, upward pointing angle close to the nostrils, lower half traversed by a longitudinal crest parallel to the lower margin of the bone; 2nd suborbital bone obliquely quadrangular, length about twice as great as depth, deeper anteriorly than posteriorly; about twice as low as 1st suborbital bone; upper jaw longer than lower jaw, moderately downward protrusable, ending below the anterior rim of the eye, contained about 3 times in the length of the head; gape rather oblique; barbels thin, considerably longer than the eye, nasal barbels slightly shorter than upper jaw barbels; lower jaw at the symphysis with a low, obtuse, little conspicuous tubercle, underside without visible pores; lips thin, terete, not conspicuously rugose; width of gill cover contained about 1¾ times in its depth, lower margin nearly straight; gill opening ending below the posterior part of the preoperculum. Pharyngeal teeth hooked to slightly spoon-shaped to grinding, 2.3.5/5.3.2; on the chewing surface tuberculate, 2 internal teeth in longest row conical and acuminate at the tip; scapula triangular, obtusely rounded; back elevated, angular, higher than the convex belly; belly flat anterior to ventral fins, angular at the flanks, behind ventral fins rounded, not ridged; depth of tail contained about 1⅔ times in the length of the head; scales for the free half and for the basal half not or hardly striped, 30 or 31 scales in the lateral line, 11 or 12 in a transverse row (without the lowest ventral scales) of which 6 (5½) above the lateral line, about 12 in a longitudinal row between occiput and dorsal fin; lateral line curved, descending below the rostro-caudal line, each scale marked by a simple tube generally reaching the centre of the scale; dorsal fin starting above the base of the ventral fins, acute, emarginate; depth contained 1⅖ to 1½ times in the depth of the body, much higher but much less than twice as high as base length, spine thick, posteriorly serrated with large teeth, with a flexible part longer than the head; pectoral and ventral fins acute, pectoral fins slightly longer than ventral fins, contained about 6½ times in the length of the body, nearly reaching the ventral fins, ventral fins not reaching the anal fin; anal fin acute, emarginate, much lower but much less than twice as low as dorsal fin, not much higher than base length, the simple third ray slender, bony only at the base; caudal fin scaled only at the base, with a deep incision, lobes acute, contained 3⅖ to 3½ times in the length of the body. Colour: upper part of the body green, lower part silver; iris yellow, upper part dark; dorsal, fins yellowish or pink-hyaline, upper part of dorsal fin dark or with darkish speckles.


	B. 3. D. 4/8 or 4/9. P. 1/15. V. 2/8. A. 305 or 3/6 or 3/7. C. 7/17/7 or 8/17/8, short flanking ones included.
	Syn.	Barbus hypselonotus V. Hass. Algem. Konst- en Letterb. 1823 II p. 132: Val., Poiss. XVI p. 126; Blkr, Descript. spec. pisc. javan. nov. Nat. T. Ned. Ind. XIII p. 349.
		Barbus hypoeconatus Bull. Féruss. 1824 Zoöl. P. 375.
		Barbeau hypsylonote Val., Poiss. XVI p. 126.
		Regis Sundan.
	Hab.	Java (Tjampea), in rivers.
	Length of 2 specimens 75’’’ and 78’’’.

335 Remark. The short description of this species in the large histoire naturelle des Poissons is totally insufficient for the recognition of the species and for this reason I would be uncertain concerning the identity of my specimens if I would not have been in the possession of a drawing of Barbus hypselonotus, left by Van Hasselt and taken after a specimen of 71 mm length, caught in Lebek, in the residency of Bantam.

The species can be recognized by its long upper jaw barbels, strongly armed dorsal spine, high body, blunt snout and by its 30 or 31 scales in the lateral line and 6 longitudinal scale rows above the lateral line.

The two specimens of my collection are the only ones that I have seen till now. The species therefore seems to be rare.

Systomus (Barbodes) macrophthalmus Blkr. – Grootoogige Lalawak [Large-eyed Lalawak].

Atl. Cypr. Tab. XXXI fig. 2.

Fig. 72. Puntius (Barbodes) macrophthalmus Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XXXV, Fig. 1. TL figure 96 mm.

A Systomus (Barbodes) with an oblong, compressed body, depth of body contained about 4 times in its length, width contained about 2½ times in its depth. Head obtuse, contained about 5¼ times in length of body with caudal fin, 3¾ to 4 times in length of body without caudal fin; depth of head contained about 1⅕ times in its length, width about 1⅔ times; eye diameter contained 2⅓ to 2½ times in the length of the head, eye diameter contained once or nearly once in the postocular part of the head, distance between the eyes nearly once their diameter; palpebral membrane covering the external margin of the iris only, opening nearly circular; snout obtuse, convex, slightly truncate, nearly twice as short as the eye, not sticking out in front of the mouth; nostrils closer to the orbit than to the tip of the snout; rostro-dorsal profile convex, nearly straight between snout and nape; anterior suborbital bone pentagonal, depth hardly or not greater than length, lower margin nearly horizontal, anterior and posterior lower margins convex or truncate, upper margins slightly concave, united into an acute, upward pointing angle close to the nostrils, traversed around the middle by a longitudinal crest not parallel to the lower margin of the bone; 2nd suborbital bone elongate-quadrangular, very low, length about three times as great as depth, three to about four times as low as 1st suborbital bone; upper jaw longer than lower jaw, moderately downward protrusable, ending below the anterior rim of the eye, contained about 3½ times in the length of the head; gape rather oblique; barbels thin, upper jaw barbels slightly longer than nasal barbels, much less than twice as short as the eye; lower jaw at the symphysis with an obtuse, short, little conspicuous tubercle, at the underside with 4 little conspicuous pores on each branch placed in a longitudinal row; lips thin, terete, with hardly or not visible transverse ridges; width of gill cover contained 1¾ to 1⅘ times in its depth, lower margin slightly concave or straight; gill opening ending below the posterior margin of the preoperculum. Pharyngeal teeth hooked to slightly spoon-shaped 2.3.5/5.3.2; tuberculate at the tip only; scapula triangular, obtusely rounded; back elevated, angular, much higher than the belly; belly flat anterior to ventral fins, angular at the flanks, behind ventral fins rounded, not ridged; depth of tail contained 1½ to 1⅔ times in the length of the head; scales on the free half frequently, on the basal half rarely with longitudinal stripes, 28 or 29 scales in the lateral line, 11 in a transverse row (without the lowest ventral scales) of which 6 (5½) above the lateral line, about 10 in a longitudinal row between occiput and dorsal fin, scales in medial row larger than those in flanking rows; lateral line curved, reaching the rostro-caudal line, each scale marked by a simple tube reaching the centre of the scale; dorsal fin starting above the base of the ventral fins, acute, emarginate, not much 336 lower than the body, twice or nearly twice as high as base length, spine thick, posteriorly armed with large teeth, with a flexible part not much longer than the head; pectoral fins and ventral fins acute, nearly equal in length, contained 6⅓ to 6½ times in the length of the body, pectoral fins reaching or nearly reaching ventral fins, ventral fins reaching or nearly reaching anal fin; anal fin acute, emarginate, much lower but much less than twice as low as dorsal fin, much higher than but much less than twice as high as base length, the simple third ray thin, bony only at the base; caudal fin scaled only at the base, with a deep incision, lobes acute, contained about 3½ times in the length of the body. Colour: upper part of the body green, lower part silver; iris yellow, upper part dark; fins yellowish- pink, upper part of dorsal fin with dark speckles.


	B. 3. D.4/8 or 4/9. P. 1/14. V. 2/8. A. 3/5 or 3/6. C. 1/17/7 or 8/17/7, short flanking ones included.
	Syn.	Barbus macrophthalmus Blkr, Versl. verz. visschs. Oost-Java, Nat. T. Ned. Ind. IX p. 404.
		Wader Jav. Lawak, Lalawak Mal.
	Hab.	Java (Batavia, Surabaya), in rivers.
	Length of 5 specimens 75’’’ to 115’’’.

Remark. In my above mentioned description the printing error is present, that the width of the head would go only 1⅕ in its length and that the lateral line would contain 26 scales. In relationship the species stands between Systomus (Barbodes) hypselonotus and Systomus (Barbodes) platysoma, however it is easily recognizable by the formula of its scales, the height of the body, the length of the barbels, the relatively very large eyes, etc.

Systomus (Barbodes) platysoma Blkr. – Platlijvige Lalawak [Flat-bodied Lalawak].

Atl. Cypr. Tab. XXX fig. 2.

Fig. 73. Puntius (Barbodes) platysoma Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XXX, Fig. 2. TL figure 178 mm.

A Systomus (Barbodes) with an oblong, compressed body, depth of body contained nearly 2½ times in its length, width contained about 3 times in its depth. Head obtuse, contained about 5⅔ times in length of body with caudal fin, nearly 4 times in length of body without caudal fin; depth of head contained once in its length, width about 1½ times; eye diameter contained nearly 3 times in the length of the head, eye diameter contained 1⅓ to 1¼ times in the postocular part of the head, distance between the eyes slightly more than once their diameter; palpebral membrane covering the external margin of the iris only, opening nearly circular; snout obtuse, convex, obliquely truncate, much shorter than the eye, not sticking out in front of the mouth; nostrils closer to the orbit than to the tip of the snout; rostro-dorsal profile convex, slightly concave only above or anterior to the eyes, interorbital line convex; anterior suborbital bone pentagonal, depth hardly or not greater than length, lower margin nearly horizontal, anterior and posterior lower margins convex or truncate, upper margins slightly concave, united into an acute, upward pointing angle close to the nostrils, traversed around the middle by a longitudinal crest not parallel to the lower margin of the bone; 2nd suborbital bone obliquely oblong-quadrangular, depth greater anteriorly than posteriorly, length less than twice as great as depth, less than twice as low as 1st suborbital bone; upper jaw longer than lower jaw, strongly vertically downward protrusable, ending below the anterior half of the eye, contained about 3 times in the length of the head; gape rather oblique; barbels thin, nasal and upper jaw barbels nearly equal in length, hardly or not longer than the eye; lower jaw at the symphysis with an obtuse, short, little conspicuous tubercle, underside without visible pores; lips thin, terete, lightly transversely rugose; width of gill cover contained 1⅘ to 1⅚ times in its depth, lower margin slightly convex; gill opening ending below the posterior part of the preoperculum. Pharyngeal teeth hooked to slightly spoon-shaped to grinding, 2.3.5/5.3.2; rugose-tuberculate on the chewing surface; scapula 337 triangular, obtuse, rounded; back strongly elevated, angular, higher than very much deepened belly; belly flat anterior to ventral fins, behind ventral fins rounded, not ridged; depth of tail contained about 1⅖ times in the length of the head; scales with longitudinal, slightly ray-like stripes on the free half and the basal half, about 26 scales in the lateral line, 11 or 12 in a transverse row (without the lowest ventral scales) of which 6 (5½) above the lateral line, about 10 in a longitudinal row between occiput and dorsal fin, lowest ventral scales in three longitudinal rows, scales in medial row gradually increasing in size posteriorly, posterior scales in those rows slightly larger than those in flanking rows; lateral line strongly curved, descending below the rostro-caudal line, each scale marked by a simple tube, generally not reaching the centre of the scale; dorsal fin starting above the base of the ventral fins, acute, emarginate, not much less than twice as low as the body, much higher, but much less than twice as high as base length, spine thick, posteriorly serrated with large teeth, with a flexible part slightly longer than the head; pectoral fins and ventral fins acute, nearly equal in length, contained about 5⅔ times in the length of the body, pectoral fins nearly reaching ventral fins, ventral fins nearly reaching anal fin; anal fin acute, emarginate, much lower but much less than twice as low as dorsal fin, not much higher than base length, the simple third ray bony only for the basal half; caudal fin scaled only at the base, with a deep incision, lobes acute, contained about 3¼ times in the length of the body. Colour: upper part of the body green, lower part silver; iris yellow, upper part dark; fins yellowish-pink-hyaline, upper part of dorsal fin with dark speckles.


	B. 3. D. 4/8 or 4/9. P. 1/12 or 1/13. V. 2/8. A. 3/5 or 3/6. C. 7/17/7 or 8/17/8, short flanking ones included.
	Syn.	Barbus platysoma Blkr, Verslag verzam. vissch. Oost-Java, Nat. T. Ned. Ind. IX p. 404.
		Wader Javan.
	Hab.	Java (Surakarta), in rivers.
	Length of sole specimen 180’’’.

Remark. On Java Systomus (Barbodes) platysoma seems to be the substitute of Systomus (Barbodes) Schwanefeldi Blkr. of Sumatra. In relationship it stands most closely to Barbus balleroides Val. from which it differs however (judging from the short description of Mr Valenciennes) by less scales on a longitudinal and a transverse row. It is easy recognizable by its extremely high body, the low number of scales in a longitudinal row with simultaneously a strongly developed and with large teeth armed dorsal spine, etc.

I discovered it in the year 1846, during a short sojourn in Surakarta, in a single specimen, the only one that I ever laid my eyes on.

Systomus (Barbodes) rubripinna Blkr. – Blaauwruggige Lalawak [Blue-backed Lalawak].

Atl. Cypr. Tab. XXXI fig. 3.

Fig. 74. Puntius (Barbodes) rubripinna Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XXXIII, Fig. 3. TL figure 228 mm.

A Systomus (Barbodes) with an oblong, compressed body, depth of body contained nearly 4 to 3⅖ times in its length, width contained about 2 times in its depth. Head obtuse, contained 4¾ to 6¼ times in length of body with caudal fin, 3¾ to nearly 5 times in length of body without caudal fin; depth of head contained 1¼ to 1⅙ times in its length, width 1⅓ to 1⅗ times; eye diameter contained 3 to 3⅔ times in the length of the head, eye diameter contained 1½ to 2 times in the postocular part of the head, distance between the eyes 1¼ to nearly 2 times their diameter; palpebral membrane covering the external margin of the iris only, broader anteriorly than posteriorly, opening nearly circular; snout obtuse, convex, shorter than the eye, not sticking out in front of the mouth; nostrils closer to the orbit than to the tip of the snout; rostro-dorsal profile generally convex everywhere, sometimes slightly concave between crown and nape; interorbital line convex; 338 anterior suborbital bone pentagonal, depth about equal to length, lower margin oblique, anterior and posterior lower margins concave, truncate or convex, upper margins concave, united into an acute, upward pointing angle close to the nostrils, lower half traversed by a longitudinal, horizontal crest not parallel to the lower margin of the bone; 2nd suborbital bone elongate-quadrangular, depth not much greater anteriorly than posteriorly, length twice or nearly twice as great as depth, about twice as low as 1st suborbital bone; upper jaw longer than lower jaw, moderately downward protrusable, ending below the anterior rim of the eye, contained 3 to 3½ times in the length of the head; gape slightly oblique; barbels thin, nasal barbels slightly or not shorter than the eye, upper jaw barbels generally considerably longer than the eye; lower jaw at the symphysis with an obtuse, short, little conspicuous tubercle, lower part on each branch with 3 or 4 pores, arranged in a longitudinal row, often not visible; lips medium-sized, terete, lightly transversely striped; width of gill cover contained nearly 2 to 1⅔ times in its depth, lower margin nearly straight; branchial opening ending below the posterior rim of the preoperculum. Pharyngeal teeth hooked to slightly spoon-shaped to grinding, 2.3.5/5.3.2; rugose-tuberculate on the chewing surface; scapula triangular, strongly obtusely rounded; back elevated, angular, higher than the convex belly; belly flat anterior to ventral fins, slightly angular at the flanks, behind ventral fins rounded, not ridged; depth of tail contained 1¾ to 1⅗ times in the length of the head; scales with ray-like stripes originating from a common centre, 31 to 34 scales in the lateral line, 10 in a transverse row (without the lowest ventral scales) of which 5 (4½) above the lateral line, 10 or 11 in a longitudinal row between occiput and dorsal fin, lowest ventral scales in three longitudinal rows, scales in medial row not larger than those in flanking rows; lateral line curved, reaching the rostro-caudal line, each scale marked by a simple tube reaching or nearly reaching the centre of the scale; dorsal fin in younger animals starting above the base of the ventral fins, in adults above or hardly behind the base of the ventral fins, acute, emarginate, depth contained 1⅖ to 1¾ times in the depth of the body, much deeper but very much less than twice as deep as base length, spine thick, posteriorly lightly serrated with small teeth, with a flexible part hardly shorter or hardly longer than the head; pectoral fins and ventral fins acute, pectoral fins slightly longer than ventral fins, contained 5¾ to nearly 7 times in the length of the body, not reaching the ventral fins, ventral fins not reaching the anal fin; anal fin acute, not or slightly emarginate, much lower but very much less than twice as low as dorsal fin, much higher but very much less than twice as high as base length, the simple third ray thin, bony only at the base; caudal fin scaled at the base only, with a deep incision, lobes acute, contained 4½ to 4⅔ times in the length of the body. Colour: upper part of the body green, lower part silver; iris yellow, upper part dark; gill cover with a large fiery spot; tail in younger animals often with a round, diffuse, violet spot in the lateral line close to the base of the caudal fin; scapular region in juveniles and old fishes generally with an oblong, transverse, violet spot; fins at the base yellowish- pink, posterior part of pectoral and caudal fins, anterior half of ventral and anal fins red; anterior part of dorsal fin, upper and lower part of caudal fin with a margin of a deeper violet.


	B. 3. D. 4/8 or 4/9. P. 1/14 or 1/15. V. 2/8. A. 3/5 or 3/6. C. 7/17/7, short flanking ones included.
	Syn.	Barbus rubripenna V. Hass., Algemeene Konst- en Letterb. 1823 II p. 132.
		Barbus rubripennis Val., Poiss. XVI p. 146; Blkr, Verslag verzam. vissch. Oost. Java, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. IX p. 406.
		Barbeau au nageoires rouges Val., Poiss. XVI p. 146.
		Barbus gardonides Val., Poiss. XVI p. 118 (partly)
		Barbus orphoides Val., Poiss. XVI p. 146?
		Barbeau orphoide Val., Poiss. XVI p. 146?
		Barbus saranella Blkr, Verh. Bat. Gen. XXIII Ichth. Midd.-Oost-Java p. 16.
		Marotja, Marotjotja Mal. Bat; Sisik-milik, Ampa Sund. Brek, Pekisseh, Lundjar, Wader Jav.
339	Hab.	Java (Batavia, Tjibitong, Bekassi, Serang, Rankasbetong, Tjampea, Buitenzorg, Banjumas, Purworedjo, Pasuran, Grati, Ngantang), in rivers and lakes.
	Length of 52 specimens 60’’’ to 248’’’.

Remark. I suspect Mr Valenciennes has placed specimens of the above described species, which he seems to have observed in specimens sent to the Netherlands by Kuhl and Van Hasselt, to his Barbus gardonides. I posses Barbus gardonides from Calcutta but not from Java, where it does not seem to occur. It distinguishes itself from Barbus rubripinna V. Hass. principally by two longitudinal scale rows more, of which one row lies above the lateral line and one below the lateral line. In specimens of both species of the same size I moreover find, that in Barbus gardonides Val. the head goes only 3¾ times in the length of the body without the caudal fin and in that of Barbus rubripinna V. Hass amply 4 times. In that of Barbus gardonides Val. the height of the head goes 1⅓ to 1¼ in its length, in that of Barbus rubripinna V. Hass. only 1 1/6 times. In that of Barbus gardonides Val. the width of the gill cover goes only 1⅔ times in its height, in that of Barbus rubripinna V. Hass. almost 2 times, etc. Therefore there is no doubt that both belong to different species.

The description of Barbus rubripinnis Val. in the large Histoire naturelle des Poissons is very short and insufficient and taken from juvenile specimens of not even four inches. The dorsal spine erroneously is said to be without serrations.

It seems to me that Barbus orphoides Val. can be reduced to Systomus (Barbodes) rubripinnis. The description of Mr Valenciennes is made after larger specimens than those that served for his description of Barbus rubripinnis. Indeed Mr Valenciennes also mentions that in Barbus orphoides the dorsal fin spine is not serrated and that there are only 27 scales in a longitudinal row, however the dorsal spine teeth in older specimens sometimes are also so small, that they easily escape attention, and when the scales have not been properly preserved their count could easily be mistaken by a few. In my opinion that Barbus orphoides Val. and Barbus rubripinnis Val. are the same species, I am strengthened by the statement of Mr Valenciennes that he would have taken his specimens of Barbus rubripinnis for juvenile specimens of Barbus orphoides if the habitus did not differ and the dorsal spine was not weaker. My specimens of Systomus (Barbodes) rubripinna have the dorsal spine relatively thicker as they become older, whereas the shape is rather variable in specimens from different localities. My specimens from Paseruan all have the head much more blunt and the body more slender than those from West Java.

340 A more detailed comparison of the specimens which I described in 1849 far removed from my cabinet, under the name of Barbus sarananella, taught me that they are neither specifically different from Systomus (Barbodes) rubripinna, so that Barbus sarananella can be removed from the series of species.

The species in question is very common in Batavia and belongs there to the most commonly caught Cyprinoids. It is extended far over Java, but seems to be restricted to the lower regions of the drainage areas. Till now I did not receive it from any of the other Sunda Islands, which somewhat surprises me as the species is not restricted to Java, as it also occurs near Bangkok judging from the several times cited sketchbook of Count Fr. de Castelnau.

Systomus (Barbodes) bunter Blkr. – Soendasche Lalawak [Sundanese Lalawak].

Atl. Cyp Tab. XXVIII fig. I.

Fig. 75. Puntius (Barbodes) bunter Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XXXVIII, Fig. 3. TL figure 101 mm.

A Systomus (Barbodes) with an oblong, compressed body, depth of body contained about 3⅓ times in length of body with caudal fin, about 2⅔ times in length of body without caudal fin. Head obtuse, convex, contained about 5 times in length of body with caudal fin, nearly 4 times in length of body without caudal fin; depth of head contained 1⅙ to 11/7 times in its length; eye diameter contained about 3⅓ times in the length of the head, eye diameter contained about 1½ times in the postocular part of the head; palpebral membrane covering the external margin of the iris only, opening nearly circular; snout obtuse, convex, shorter than the eye, not sticking out in front of the mouth; nostrils closer to the orbit than to the tip of the snout; rostro-dorsal profile lightly concave between forehead and nape, strongly convex on the nape, interorbital line convex; anterior suborbital bone pentagonal; upper jaw longer than lower jaw, ending below the anterior rim of the eye, contained nearly 3½ times in the length of the head; gape oblique; barbels thin, upper jaw barbels slightly longer than nasal barbels, shorter than the eye; depth of gill cover less than twice as great as length, lower margin nearly straight; scapula obtuse, rounded; back elevated, angular, higher than convex belly; depth of tail contained 1⅔ to 1¾ times in the length of the head; about 24 scales in the lateral line, 10 in a transverse row (without the lowest ventral scales) of which 6 (5½) above the lateral line, about 9 in a longitudinal row between occiput and dorsal fin; lateral line curved, descending below the rostro-caudal line, each scale marked by a simple tube; dorsal fin starting above the base of the ventral fins, acute, not emarginate, about twice as low as the body, not or only slightly higher than base length, spine thin, posteriorly serrated with conspicuous small teeth, with a flexible part shorter than the head; pectoral fins and ventral fins acute, pectoral fins slightly longer than ventral fins, nearly reaching ventral fins, ventral fins not reaching anal fin; anal fin acute, not emarginate, considerably lower than dorsal fin, not much higher than base length, the simple third ray nearly completely cartilaginous; caudal fin scaled only at the base, with a deep incision, lobes acute, contained 4⅓ to 4⅖ times in the length of the body. Colour: upper part of the body green, lower part silver; iris yellow, scales on back, flanks and tail each with a small oblong, transverse, violetish band at the base; fins pink or red, with an uneven dark margin; without visible dorsal or caudal spot.


	B. 3. D. 4/8 or 4/9. P. 1/14. V. 2/8. A. 3/5 or 3/6. C. 7/17/7, short flanking ones included.
	Syn.	Barbus bunter Blkr, Descr. spec. pisc. Javan. nov. Nat. T. Ned. Ind. XIII p. 350,
		Bunter Sundan.
	Hab.	Java (Tjampea), in rivers.
	Length of described specimen 115’’’.

341 Remark. The single specimen that I possessed of this species, has got lost. However, I had had a figure made if it, to which I had to restrict myself when I made the description.

The species is related to Systomus (Barbodes) maculates, but distinguishes itself from it by much shorter barbels, a more blunt head, a convex dorsal fin, and, if my figure concerning this is right, which I dare say with certainty, by one longitudinal scale row more above the lateral line.

Systomus (Barbodes) tetrazona Blkr. – Vierbandige Lalawak [Four-banded Lalawak].

Atl. Cypr. Tab. XXXIII fig. 2.

Fig. 76. Puntius (Barbodes) tetrazona Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XLIII, Fig. 7. TL figure 56 mm.

A Systomus (Barbodes) with an oblong, compressed body, depth of body contained about 3⅓ times in its length, width contained about 2½ times in its depth. Head slightly acute, slightly convex, contained 4⅔ to 4¾ times in length of body with caudal fin, about 3⅔ times in length of body without caudal fin; depth of head contained about 1¼ times in its length, width nearly 2 times; eye diameter contained about 2⅗ times in the length of the head, eye diameter contained about once in the postocular part of the head, distance between the eyes about once their diameter; palpebral membrane covering the external margin of the iris only, opening nearly circular; snout slightly acute, convex, shorter than the eye, not sticking out in front of the mouth; nostrils closer to the orbit than to the tip of the snout; rostro-dorsal profile convex on nape and head, slightly concave between nape and occiput; interorbital line slightly convex; anterior suborbital bone pentagonal, length hardly greater than depth, lower margin oblique, anterior and posterior lower margins convex or truncate, upper margins concave, united into an acute, upward pointing angle close to the nostrils, lower half traversed by a longitudinal, horizontal crest not parallel to the lower margin of the bone; 2nd suborbital bone elongate-quadrangular, depth greater anteriorly than posteriorly, length more than twice as great as depth, more than twice as low as anterior suborbital bone; upper jaw longer than lower jaw, strongly downward protrusable, ending anterior to the eye or below the anterior margin of the eye, contained slightly over 3 times in the length of the head; gape rather oblique; barbels thin, upper jaw barbels considerably longer than nasal barbels, not much longer than the eye; lower jaw at the symphysis with an obtuse, hardly visible tubercle, underside without visible pores; lips thin, terete, without visible transverse stripes; width of gill cover contained 1¾ to 1⅘ times in its depth, lower margin slightly convex; gill opening ending below the posterior margin of the preoperculum. Pharyngeal teeth hooked to slightly spoon-shaped with a rod-like neck, 2.3.4/4.3.2, (or 2.3.5/5.3.2 ??); 2 internal teeth in longest row conical, acuminate at the tip; scapula triangular, obtusely rounded; back elevated, angular, much higher than belly; belly flat anterior to ventral fins, angular at the flanks, behind ventral fins ridged; depth of tail contained about 1⅘ times in the length of the head; scales on the middle of the body not conspicuously larger than scales on the anterior and posterior parts of the body, ventral scales striped with rays originating from a common simple or reticulate centre, 24 scales in the lateral line, 9 in a transverse row (without the lowest ventral scales) of which 5 (4½) above the lateral line below the dorsal fin, 3 between the lateral line and the base of the ventral fins and the vent, 7 or 8 in a longitudinal row between occiput and dorsal fin, lowest ventral scales in three longitudinal rows, scales in medial row larger than those in flanking rows; lateral line slightly curved, reaching the rostro-caudal line, each scale marked by a simple tube surpassing the centre of the scale; dorsal fin starting above the base of the ventral fins, acute, emarginate, depth contained about 1½ times in the depth of the body, much higher but much less than twice as high as base length, spine medium-sized, posteriorly serrated with well visible small teeth, with a flexible part slightly shorter than the head; pectoral fins and ventral fins acute, pectoral fins slightly longer than ventral fins, contained 5⅔ to 5¾ times in the length 342 of the body, nearly reaching the ventral fins, ventral fins not reaching the anal fin; anal fin acute, not or slightly emarginate, much lower but less than twice as low as dorsal fin, much higher but much less than twice as high as base length, the simple third ray thin, bony only at the base ; caudal fin scaled only at the base, with a deep incision, lobes acute, contained about 4¼ times in the length of the body. Colour: upper part of the body olive, lower part silver; iris yellow or pink; upper part of the head blackish-violet; body with 4 transverse, broad, blackish-violet bands bordered with yellow, 1st nucho-scapular band broader at the top than at the bottom, broadly rounded, 2nd dorso-ventral band descending from the total base of the dorsal fin and ending obtusely slightly below the lateral line, 3rd from dorsal to anal fin broader in the middle than at the top and lower side, reaching the anterior anal rays, 4th caudal band broader in the middle than at the top and lower side covering all of the tail; fins pink, anterior and upper part of dorsal fin with a dark margin.


	B. 3. D. 4/8 or 4/9. P. 1/14. V. 2/8. A. 3/5 or 3/6. C. 6/17/6, short flanking ones included.
	Syn.	Barbus tetrazona Blkr, Act. Soc. Scient. Ind. Neerl. II Tiende bijdr. ichth. Borneo p. 14.
	Hab.	Borneo (Kahajan), in rivers.
	Length of sole specimen 57’’’.

Remark. This beautiful marked species is very easily recognizable by its four broad transverse blackish-violet body bands, of which both anterior ones, which are broadly rounded ventrally, end approximately on the middle of the flanks, whereas both posterior ones extend to the lower edge of the body. It is related to Systomus (Barbodes) lateristriga Blkr, however, apart from the colour markings, easily distinguishable from that species by a more acute and lower head, more pointed dorsal and anal fin, lower upper jaw barbels, etc.

My specimen from the Krajang river is the only one till now observed by me.

Systomus (Barbodes) lateristriga Blkr. – Zijstrepige Lalawak [Side striped Lalawak].

Atl. Cypr. Tab. XXXII fig. 2.

Fig. 77. Puntius (Barbodes) lateristriga Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XXXII, Fig. 2. TL figure 176 mm.

A Systomus (Barbodes) with an oblong, compressed body, depth of body contained 3½ to 2⅘ times in its length, width contained 2⅔ to 2¼ times in its depth. Head obtuse, convex, contained 4¾ to 5⅖ times in length of body with caudal fin, 3⅖ to 4⅓ times in length of body without caudal fin; depth of head contained slightly more than once to once in its length, width contained 1⅔ to 1⅖ times in its length; eye diameter contained about 2½ to 3⅔ times in the length of the head, eye diameter contained once to 1¾ times in the postocular part of the head, distance between the eyes nearly once to 1½ times their diameter; palpebral membrane covering the external margin of the iris only, opening nearly circular; snout obtuse, convex, not sticking out in front of the mouth, in younger animals shorter than the eye, in very old fishes not shorter than the eye; nostrils closer to the orbit than to the tip of the snout; rostro-dorsal profile generally concave or slightly convex between snout and nape, strongly concave at the nape; interorbital line slightly concave, interorbital line convex; anterior suborbital bone pentagonal, length hardly or not greater than depth, lower margin convex, anterior and posterior lower margins convex or truncate, upper margins concave, united into an acute, upward pointing angle close to the nostrils, the middle traversed by a longitudinal, generally ramose crest; 2nd suborbital bone elongate-quadrangular, length not to slightly greater than depth, much less than twice as low as 1st suborbital bone; upper jaw longer than lower jaw, strongly downward protrusable, ending anterior to the eye or below the anterior part of the eye, contained 3 to 2⅔ times in the length of the head; gape strongly oblique; barbels thin, nasal barbels slightly or not longer than the eye, upper jaw barbels 343 much longer than the eye; lower jaw at the symphysis without visible tubercle, underside without visible pores; lips fleshy, terete, lightly transversely rugose on the oral surface; width of gill cover contained 1¾ to 1⅘ times in its depth, lower margin nearly straight or slightly concave; gill opening ending below the posterior margin of the preoperculum. Pharyngeal teeth hooked-spoon-shaped, 2.3.4/4.3.2; scapula triangular, obtusely rounded; belly flat anterior to ventral fins, angular at the flanks, behind ventral fins obtusely ridged; depth of tail contained about 1⅔ to 1⅗ times in the length of the head; back elevated, angular, higher than convex belly; scales on the middle of the body not conspicuously larger than scales on the anterior and posterior parts of the body, with vertical ray-like stripes originating from a common simple or reticulate centre, 23 to 25 scales in the lateral line, 10 in a transverse row (without the lowest ventral scales) of which 5 (4½) above the lateral line, 3 between the lateral line and the base of the ventral fins and the vent, 7 or 8 in a longitudinal row between occiput and dorsal fin, lowest ventral scales in three longitudinal rows, scales in medial row gradually increasing in size posteriorly, the posterior scales in this row not or hardly larger than those in flanking rows; lateral line strongly curved, descending below the rostro-caudal line, each scale marked by a simple tube reaching or not reaching the centre of the scale; dorsal fin starting above the base of the pectoral fins, in juveniles acute, hardly or not emarginate, in adults often obtuse, generally convex, depth contained 1⅖ to over 2 times in the depth of the body, not much higher to not higher than base length, spine tapering, posteriorly serrated with well visible small teeth, with a flexible part not too much shorter than the head; pectoral fins acute, slightly longer than ventral fins, contained 6 to 5½ times in the length of the body, reaching or nearly reaching ventral fins; ventral fins in younger animals acute, in adults slightly obtuse to obtusely rounded, reaching or not reaching anal fin; anal fin in younger animals acute, obtuse, not or hardly emarginate, in old animals very much less than twice as high as base length, the simple third ray thin, bony only at the base; caudal fin scaled only at the base, with a deep incision, lobes acute, contained nearly 4 to 4½ times in the length of the body. Colour: upper part of the body green, lower part silver, upper part of the head violet particularly in old animals; iris yellow, upper part dark; body with 3 transverse broad violet bands, the 1st band occipito-nuchal, the 2nd band dorso-axillary, the 3rd, a dorso-ventral band, ending acutely below the lateral line, at the top totally or largely covering the base of the dorsal fin; upper part of the back behind the fin and on the middle of the height of the tail with a blackish-violet longitudinal band; caudal band starting above or slightly anterior to anal fin and prolonged unto the middle of the caudal fin; on several specimens a roundish, violet-black supra-anal spot opposite the anterior part of the anal fin; fins pink, dorsal and anal fin red at the base, caudal fin and intramarginal rays red; anal fin with a violet border.


	B. 3. D. 4/8 or 4/9. P. 1/13 or 1/14. V. 2/8. A. 3/5 or 3/6. C. 7/17/7, short flanking ones included.
	Syn.	Barbus lateristriga Val., Poiss. XVI p. 120; Blkr, Bijdr. ichth. fauna v. Blitong, Nat. T. Ned. Ind. III p. 95.
		Barbeau au trait latéral Val., Poiss. XVI p. 120.
		Dokkum Sundan.
	Hab.	Java (Batavia, Buitenzorg, Tjampea, Sadingwetan, Tjipanas), in rivers.
		Sumatra (Telokbetong, Lahat, Solok), in rivers.
		Borneo (Bangkajang), in rivers.
		Singapura, in rivers.
		Banka, in rivers.
		Biliton (Tjirutjup), in rivers.
	Length of 18 specimens 60’’’ to 180’’’.

Remark. Kuhl and Van Hasselt also observed this species in West Java in Sadingwetan, 344 which name was mistakenly taken by Mr Valenciennes for the name of the endemic species.

The species is very easy recognizable by its colour pattern. Apart from the transverse flank bangs and the longitudinal tail stripe, usually a round black-violet spot is found above the anal fin base.

In older specimens the neck is much more convex than in the younger ones and the dorsal and anal fins become very blunt and rounded in these specimens. My largest specimen seems to belong to the final adult age.

The Dokkum is spread over the Sunda Islands, but nowhere seems to occur in high numbers. In Batavia it is very rare.

Systomus (Barbodes) fasciatus Blkr. – Gebande Lalawak [Banded Lalawak].

Atl. Cypr. Tab. XXXIII fig. 6.

Fig. 78. Puntius (Barbodes) fasciatus Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XXXVIII, Fig. 1. TL figure 106 mm.

A Systomus (Barbodes) with an oblong, compressed body, depth of body contained 3½ to 4 times in its length, width contained slightly over 2 to 2¼ times in its depth. Head slightly acute, contained 4¾ to slightly over 5 times in length of body with caudal fin, 3¾ to 4 times in length of body without caudal fin, depth of head contained 1⅓ to 1¼ times in its length, width contained 1⅔ to nearly 2 times in its length; eye diameter contained 2⅖ to 3¼ times in the length of the head, eye diameter contained once to 1⅖ times in the postocular part of the head, distance between the eyes nearly once to slightly over once their diameter; palpebral membrane covering the external margin of the iris, broader anteriorly than posteriorly, opening nearly circular; snout slightly acute, convex, shorter than the eye, not sticking out in front of the mouth; nostrils closer to the orbit than to the tip of the snout; rostro-dorsal profile on forehead and crown sloping, nearly straight, convex on the nape; interorbital line slightly convex; anterior suborbital bone pentagonal, length hardly or not greater than depth, lower margin obliquely convex, anterior and posterior lower margins obliquely convex or truncate, upper margins concave, united into an acute, upward pointing angle close to the nostrils, lower half traversed by a longitudinal obliquely descending crest; 2nd suborbital bone elongate-quadrangular, depth not or hardly greater anteriorly than posteriorly, length more than twice as great as depth, more than twice as low as 1st suborbital bone; upper jaw longer than lower jaw, moderately downward protrusable, ending below the anterior margin of the eye or hardly anterior to the eye, contained 3¼ to 3½ times in the length of the head; gape rather oblique; barbels thin, nasal barbels shorter than upper jaw barbels, not or hardly shorter than the eye, upper jaw barbels slightly to considerably longer than the eye; lower jaw at the symphysis with an obtuse, hardly visible tubercle, underside without visible pores; lips thin, terete, lightly transversely striped; width of gill cover contained about 1¾ times in its depth, lower margin nearly straight or slightly concave; gill opening ending below the posterior margin of the preoperculum. Pharyngeal teeth hooked to spoon-shaped, 2.3.4/4.3.2; scapula triangular, obtusely rounded; back elevated, angular, much deeper than belly; belly flat anterior to ventral fins, angular on the flanks, behind ventral fins obtusely ridged; depth of tail contained about 1⅘ times in the length of the head; scales on the middle of the body not conspicuously larger than scales on the anterior and posterior parts of the body, ventral scales striped with rays originating from a common simple or reticulate centre, 26 to 27 scales in the lateral line, 10 in a transverse row (without the lowest ventral scales) of which 5 (4½) above the lateral line, also anterior to the dorsal fin, 3 or 4 between the lateral line and the base of the ventral fins and the vent, 10 in a longitudinal row between occiput and dorsal fin, lowest ventral scales in three longitudinal rows gradually increasing in size posteriorly, posterior scales in those rows larger than those in flanking rows; lateral line nearly straight, sloping downward only anteriorly, not or hardly reaching the rostro-caudal line, each scale marked by a simple tube surpassing the centre of the scale; 345 dorsal fin starting above the base of the pectoral fins, acute, emarginate, depth contained 1⅕ to 1¼ times in the depth of the body, much less than twice as deep to slightly less than twice as deep as base length, spine very thin, posteriorly rough with conspicuous small teeth, with a flexible part, in younger animals slightly longer, in older animals slightly shorter than the head; pectoral and ventral fins acute, nearly equal in length, contained 5⅓ to 6⅓ times in the length of the body, pectoral fins reaching or nearly reaching ventral fins, ventral fins reaching or nearly reaching anal fin; anal fin acute, not or slightly emarginate, not much less than twice as low as dorsal fin, not much higher than base length, the simple third ray thin, cartilaginous; caudal fin scaled only at the base, with a deep incision, lobes acute, contained 4 to 4⅓ times in the length of the body. Colour: upper part of the body olive, flanks golden-red, lower part silver; iris yellow, upper part dark; body with 6 longitudinal dark-violet bands, 1st and 2nd bands nucho-dorsal, 3rd postoculo-caudal band reaching the upper part of the base of the caudal fin, 4th oculo-caudal band reaching the middle of the base of the caudal fin, 5th scapulo-caudal band reaching the lower part of the base of the caudal fin and 6th ventral band reaching the anal fin; fins pink or red, anal fin of a fainter colour than the other fins.


	B. 3. D. 4/8 or 4/9. P. 1/14 to 1/16. V. 2/8. A. 3/5 or 3/6. C. 5/17/5 or 6/17/6, short flanking ones included.
	Syn.	Barbus fasciatus Blkr, Nalez. ichthyol. faun. Banka, Nat. T. Ned. Ind. V p. 190.
	Hab.	Sumatra (Moarakompeh), in rivers.
		Banka (Marawang), in rivers.
		Borneo (Kahajan), in rivers.
	Length of 4 specimens 93’’’ to 120’’’.

Remark. Systomus (Barbodes) fasciatus is easily recognizable by its longitudinal dark body bands, long barbels, slender lightly serrated dorsal fin spine, acute profile, etc.

My specimens from Banka and Borneo are shorter in their shapes than that of Sumatra, but completely marked in the same way. The lower most of the 6 bands usually is only faintly visible and in one of my specimens hardly visible.

Systomus (Barbodes) obtusirostris Blkr. – Stompsnuitige Lalawak [Blunt-snouted Lalawak].

Atl. Cypr. Tab. XXXIV fig. 1.

Fig. 79. Puntius (Barbodes) amblyrhynchus nom. nov. Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XLIII, Fig. 5. TL figure 47 mm.

A Systomus (Barbodes) with an oblong, compressed body, depth of body contained 4⅖ times in its length with caudal fin, about 3⅓ times in its length without caudal fin, width of the body contained about 1¾ times in its depth. Head obtuse, convex, strongly truncate, contained 5 times in length of body with caudal fin, 3⅔ to 3¾ times in length of body without caudal fin; depth of head contained about 1⅕ times in its length, width about 1⅘ times; eye diameter contained about 2¾ times in the length of the head, eye diameter contained about 1⅓ times in the postocular part of the head, distance between the eyes about once the eye diameter; palpebral membrane covering the external margin of the iris only, opening nearly circular; snout strongly obtuse, truncate, much shorter than the eye, not sticking out in front of the mouth; nostrils open, placed about halfway between the orbit and the tip of the snout, posterior nostrils very large; rostro-dorsal profile convex everywhere; interorbital line convex; anterior suborbital bone pentagonal, depth greater than length, lower margin convex, anterior and posterior lower margins convex or truncate, upper margins concave, united into an acute, upward pointing angle close to the nostrils, lower half with a longitudinal crest not parallel with the lower margin of the bone; 2nd suborbital bone oblong-quadrangular, length about twice as great as depth, more than twice as low as 1st suborbital bone; upper jaw not longer than lower jaw, moderately downward protrusable, ending below the anterior margin of the eye, 346 contained about 3½ times in the length of the head; gape strongly oblique; barbels thin, nasal barbels not or hardly shorter than the eye, upper jaw barbels longer than the eye; lower jaw at the symphysis with a conical, well visible tubercle, underside without visible pores; lips fleshy, terete, without visible stripes or sheaths; length of gill cover less than twice as great as depth, lower margin nearly straight or slightly convex; branchial opening ending below the posterior part of the preoperculum. Pharyngeal teeth hooked to spoon-shaped, 2.3.5/5.3.2; scapula triangular, obtuse, rounded; belly flat anterior to ventral fins, angular at the flanks, behind ventral fins obtusely ridged?; depth of tail contained about 1⅗ times in the length of the head; back slightly elevated, angular, much higher than the belly; scales on the middle of the body not conspicuously larger than scales on the anterior and posterior parts of the body, with vertical ray-like stripes originating from a common simple or reticulate centre, 23 or 24 scales in the lateral line, 9 in a transverse row (without the lowest ventral scales) of which 5 (4½) above the lateral line, 8 or 9 in a longitudinal row between occiput and dorsal fin; lateral line lightly curved, nearly reaching the rostro-caudal line, each scale marked by a simple tube reaching the centre of the scale; dorsal fin starting above the base of the ventral fins, acute, not emarginate, depth contained about 1¼ times in the depth of the body, much higher but much less than twice as high as base length, spine thin, posteriorly serrated with well visible small teeth, with its flexible part not or hardly shorter than the head; pectoral fins and ventral fins acute, nearly equal in length, contained about 6 times in the length of the body, pectoral fins reaching the ventral fins; ventral fins nearly reaching the anal fin; anal fin acute, not emarginate, much lower than base length but much less than twice as low, nearly twice as high as base length; the simple third ray thin, nearly completely cartilaginous; caudal fin scaled only at the base, with a deep incision, lobes acute, contained about 3¾ times in the length of the body. Colour: upper part of the body green, lower part silver; iris yellow, back with an oblong, longitudinal violet-blue spot at the base of the spine; fins yellowish- or pink-hyaline.


	B. 3. D. 4/8 or 4/9. P. 1/14 or 2/15. V. 2/8. A. 3/5 or 3/6. C. 7/17/7 or 8/17/8, short flanking ones included.
	Syn.	Barbus obtusirostris v. Hass., Algem. Konst- en Letterb. 1823 II p. 123; Bull. Féruss. 1824 Zoöl. P. 375; Val., Poiss. XVI p. 125; Blkr, Descr. pisc. javan. Nov. Nat. T. Ned. Ind. XIII p. 353.
		Barbeau à museau obtus Val., Poiss. XVI p. 125.
		Bunter Sundan.
	Hab.	Java (Tjampea), in rivers.
	Length of sole specimen 49’’’.

Remark. Amongst its related species Systomus (Barbodes) obtusirostris can be easily recognized by its blunt head with truncated snout and not bulging upper jaw, which, when the mouth is open seems even shorter than the lower jaw; and also by its more pointed and relatively large fins, the not concave dorsal and anal fins, etc. My specimen is the only one I have observed till now, so that the species seems to be very rare.

Systomus (Barbodes) maculatus Blkr. – Gevlekte Lalawak [Maculated Lalawak].

Atl. Cypr. Tab. XXXIII fig. 4, XXXIV fig. 6. 7.

Fig. 80a, b, c. Puntius (Barbodes) maculatus Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XXXIII, Fig. 1, XL, Fig. 1, XLIII, Fig. 6. TL figures 145, 121, 71 mm, respectively.

A Systomus (Barbodes) with an oblong, compressed body, depth of body contained slightly over 3 to 4½ times in its length with caudal fin, nearly 2½ to 3 times in its length without caudal fin; width of the body contained nearly 2 to 2½ times in its depth. Head slightly acute, convex, contained 4⅖ to 5⅔ times in length of body with caudal fin, 3½ to 4⅖ times in length of body without caudal fin, depth of head contained 1⅙ to 1⅓ times in its length, width 1¾ to 1⅗ times; eye diameter contained 3 to 3⅓ times in the length of the head, eye diameter contained 1¼ to 1½ times in 347 the postocular part of the head, distance between the eyes once to 1⅓ times their diameter; palpebral membrane covering the external margin of the iris only, broader anteriorly than posteriorly, opening nearly circular; snout slightly acute or slightly obtuse, convex, not sticking out in front of the mouth, shorter than the eye; nostrils closer to the orbit than to the tip of the snout; rostro-dorsal profile strongly convex on the head, convex on the nape, between crown and nape sometimes slightly concave; interorbital line slightly convex or convex; anterior suborbital bone pentagonal, depth not or slightly greater than length, lower margins concave oblique, convex, anterior and posterior lower margins convex or truncate, upper margins concave, united into an acute, upward pointing angle close to the nostrils, lower half traversed by a longitudinal crest, sprouting a branch at the underside; 2nd suborbital bone quadrangular, depth not or hardly greater anteriorly than posteriorly, length about twice as great as depth, about twice as low as 1st suborbital bone, third suborbital maximally convex, twice to more than thrice as thin as the eye; upper jaw longer than lower jaw, moderately downward protrusable, ending hardly anterior to the eye or below the anterior margin of the eye, contained 3⅓ to 3½ times in the length of the head; gape oblique; barbels fleshy, nasal barbels slightly to much longer than the eye, upper jaw barbels always much longer than the eye; lower jaw at the symphysis with a short, obtuse tubercle, underside with about 5 pores on both branches, not always visible, placed in a longitudinal row; lips fleshy, terete, on the oral surface with conspicuous transverse stripes; width of gill cover contained 1⅔ to 2 times in its depth, lower margin nearly straight or slightly concave; gill opening ending below the posterior rim of the preoperculum. Pharyngeal teeth hooked-spoon-shaped, 2.3.5/5.3.2; scapula triangular, obtusely or slightly obtusely rounded; belly flat anterior to ventral fins, angular at the flanks, behind ventral fins obtusely ridged; back slightly elevated, angular, much higher than the belly; depth of tail contained 1⅔ to 1¾ times in the length of the head; scales on the middle of the body not conspicuously larger than scales on the anterior and posterior part of the body, slightly to not oblique (lower angle of free margin placed not or only slightly anterior to upper angle), striped with rays originating from a common simple or reticulate centre; 23 or 27 scales in the lateral line, 10 in a transverse row (without the lowest ventral scales) of which 5 (4½) above the lateral line below the dorsal spine, 3 between the lateral line and the base of the ventral fins and the vent, 9 in a longitudinal row between occiput and dorsal fin, lowest ventral scales in 3 longitudinal rows, middle scales in medial row sometimes larger than the others, not larger than those in flanking rows; lateral line curved, reaching the rostro-caudal line, but rarely descending below it, each scale marked by a simple tube generally reaching the centre of the scale; dorsal fin above or hardly behind the base of the ventral fins, acute, angular, depth contained 1¼ to 1⅘ times in the depth of the body, much deeper than base length, but much less than twice as deep, spine tapering, posteriorly serrated with conspicuous small teeth, with its flexible part slightly to considerably shorter than the head ; pectoral fins acute, at the tip frequently rounded, reaching or not reaching the ventral fins, contained 5⅖ to 6½ times in the length of the body; ventral fins slightly obtuse, rounded at the tip, not reaching the anal fin; anal fin acute, not emarginate, much lower than dorsal fin but much less than twice as low, much higher but generally much less than twice as high as base length, the simple third ray bony only at the base; caudal fin scaled only at the base, with a deep incision, lobes acute, contained 4 to 4⅔ times in the length of the body. Colour: upper part of the body green or olive, lower part silver or golden; iris yellow, upper part dark; no supra-ocular dark spot; scales on back, flanks and tail each with a transverse violetish band at the base, seldom centre darkish with a round spot, rarely also with a violet-blue longitudinal head-tail band above the lateral line or with several large violet-black spots placed in a longitudinal row; larger or smaller violet-blue spot on the back close to the base of the anterior dorsal rays and on the tail in the lateral line close to the base of the caudal fin and sometimes also on the belly close to the anterior base of the anal fin; fins yellowish- or pink-hyaline or carmine-red, generally with an unequal lightly speckled margin of dark spots, anal fin at the anterior part of the base sometimes with a small violet-blue spot.


	B. 3. D. 4/8 or 4/9. P. 1/14 to 1/16. V. 2/8. A. 3/5 or 3/6. C. 7/17/7, short flanking ones included.
348	Syn.	Barbus maculatus V. Hass., Algem. Konst- en letterb. 1823 II p. 132; Bullet. Féruss. 1824, Zoöl; Val. Poiss. XVI p. 147.
		Barbus binotatus Kuhl; Val., Poiss. XVI p. 126; Blkr, Verslag vissch. Oost-Java, Nat. T. Ned. Ind. IX p. 408.
		Barbeau tacheté Val., Poiss. XVI p. 147.
		Barbeau aux deux marques Val., Poiss. XVI p. 126.
		Barbus oresigenes Blkr, Verh. Bat. Gen. XXIII Ichth. Midd. Oost-Java p. 17.
		Barbus blitonensis Blkr, Bijdr. ichthyol. Blitong, Nat. T. Ned. Ind. III p. 96
		Barbus kusanensis Blkr, Zesde bijdr. ichth. Borneo, Nat. T. Ned. Ind. III p. 429.
		Barbus polyspilos Blkr, Descript. spec. pisc. Jav. nov. Nat.T. Ned. Ind. XIII p. 352.
		Bunter Sund; Wader Jav; Tanah, Sepadak Benkul.
	Hab.	Java (Batavia, Serang, Perdana, Tjibiliong, Tjimanok, Pandeglang, Tjampea, Buitenzorg, Tjitjurup, Tjipanas, Tjiandjur, Garut, Patengan, Pandjallu, Amberawa, Diëng, Pasuruan, Malang, Bator, Ngantang, Grati, Bondowosso), in rivers and lakes.
		Sumatra (Benkulen, Padang, Priaman, Meninju, Solok, Telokbetong, Lahat), in rivers and lakes.
		Borneo (Prabukarta, Bangkajang), in rivers.
		Biliton (Tirutjup), in rivers.
		Singapura, in rivers.
		Bali (Boleling), in rivers.
		Nias, in rivers.
	Length of 166 specimens 38’’’ to 149’’’.

Remark. Systomus (Barbodes) maculatus was mentioned for the first time at the above mentioned place by Van Hasselt, but first described, however only very briefly, by Mr Valenciennes. I possess a copy of a figure of this species, left by Van Hasselt, which has entirely the habitus and colour markings of my juvenile specimens. Mr Valenciennes wrongly places this species in the group of his genus Barbus with unserrated dorsal fin spine, after having it first described under the name Barbus binotatus and placed it rightly between species with a serrated dorsal fin spine.

Systomus (Barbodes) maculatus is a very widely spread species, as I have received it already from eight different Sunda Islands. It is also one of the species van Cyprinoids which stretches the most far eastwards, till Bali and the east coast of Borneo. On Java it is, especially in the mountain streams, very common. However, because of its usually small size it is not in demand as a source of food. It lives till high in the mountains, as I myself have even encountered it in the small lakes of the mountain plains of Diëng, in central Java at a height of more than 6000 feet above sea level.

The few sharp characters, which I found in the nominal species, which I earlier described under the names Barbus oresigenes, Barbus bilitonensis, Barbus kusanensis and Barbus polyspilos, give me ocassion to try 349 to collect a large number of them, in order to, if possible fix these characters with more certainty. Thus I have examined now more than 160 specimens and instead of reaching the desired goal, I have come to the conclusion that all four mentioned species are not specifically different from Systomus (Barbodes) maculatus, notwithstanding important differences in habitus and height of the body and head and in colour pattern.

My specimens, from which I described Barbus oresigenes, belong to the more slender forms without back spot and tail spot, blunter head and longer barbels.

The specimen from Biliton after which I drafted the description of Barbus bilitonensis, belongs to a less slender variety with angular back and a large back spot.

The specimen from the Kusan river in eastern Borneo, after which the description of Barbus kusanensis was taken, belongs to the most thick-set forms of the species, with a relatively large head and without black spot.

Also the specimens that have served for my description of Barbus polyspilos, belong the less slender form, in which scales are marked with small brownish gray spots and the profile is little convex.

The numerous differences in shape and colour markings are not or only partly depending on age, gender and place of occurrence.

My specimens from Borneo, Banka and Biliton all have a relatively high body, both juvenile and older specimens, however on Java and Sumatra higher and slender forms occur together. The back spot and tail spot often disappear in older specimens, however in juvenile specimens they are not always present either. On the contrary I posses adult specimens, however only of the thick-set variety, in which the back spot is not only present but extremely large and distinct.

The head-tail band is only present in specimens of juvenile and intermediate age, however only in a few specimens. When it is present, this band always runs across the scale row situated immediately above the lateral line. In some specimens it is divided in various larger and smaller spots.

The round scale spots of my earlier Barbus polyspilos seem to depend on a certain roughness in the mating season.

Systomus (Barbodes) goniosoma Blkr. – Hoekige Lalawak [Angular Lalawak].

Atl. Cypr. Tab. XXXIII fig. 3.

Fig. 81. Puntius (Barbodes) goniosoma Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XXXI, Fig. 1. TL figure 146 mm

A Systomus (Barbodes) with an oblong, compressed body, depth of body contained about 3⅖ times in its length with caudal fin, about 2⅔ times in its length without caudal fin; width of the body contained about 2⅓ times in its depth. Head acute, not convex, contained slightly over 5 times in length of body with caudal fin, nearly 4 times in length of body 350 without caudal fin; depth of head contained 1⅓ to 1⅖ times in its length, width nearly 1⅔ times; eye diameter contained about 3½ times in the length of the head, eye diameter contained nearly about 1¼ times in the postocular part of the head, distance between the eyes about 1⅖ their diameter; palpebral membrane covering the external margin of the iris only, broader anteriorly than posteriorly, opening nearly circular; snout acute, not sticking out in front of the mouth, not or hardly shorter than the eye; nostrils much closer to the orbit than to the tip of the snout; rostro-dorsal profile on all of the head sloping, straight, on the nape sloping, slightly convex; interorbital line nearly straight; anterior suborbital bone obliquely pentagonal, depth about equal to length, lower margin obliquely convex, anterior and posterior lower margins truncate or convex, upper margins concave, especially the anterior one, united into an acute, upward pointing angle close to the nostrils, lower half traversed by a longitudinal crest, sprouting a branch at the underside; 2nd suborbital bone quadrangular, depth not or hardly greater anteriorly than posteriorly, length slightly more than twice as great as depth, about twice as low as 1st suborbital bone; 3rd suborbital bone maximally convex, slightly more than twice as thin as the eye; upper jaw longer than lower jaw, moderately downward protrusable, ending hardly anterior to the eye, contained about 3½ times in the length of the head; gape oblique; barbels thin, nasal and upper jaw barbels nearly equal in length, considerably longer than the eye; lower jaw at the symphysis with a conical, obtuse, little conspicuous tubercle, underside with about 5 pores on both branches, placed in a longitudinal row; lips fleshy, terete, on the oral surface lightly transversely striped; width of gill cover contained about 1¾ times in its height, lower margin nearly straight; gill opening ending below the posterior part of the preoperculum. Pharyngeal teeth hooked to spoon-shaped, 2.3.5/5.3.2; scapula triangular, strongly obtusely rounded; belly flat anterior to ventral fins, angular at the flanks, behind ventral fins obtusely ridged; back strongly elevated, angular, not much higher than strongly convex belly; depth of tail contained about 1⅚ times in the length of the head; scales on the middle of the body very conspicuously larger than the scales on the anterior and posterior part of the body and strongly oblique (lower half of free margin placed rather far anterior to the upper half of the free margin) and with ray-like stripes originating from a common simple or reticulate centre, 24 scales in the lateral line, 10 in a transverse row (without the lowest ventral scales) of which 5 (4½) above the lateral line below the dorsal spine, only 2 between the lateral line and the base of the ventral fins and the vent, 9 in a longitudinal row between occiput and dorsal fin, lowest ventral scales in 3 longitudinal rows, posterior scales in medial row nearly equal in size to those in the flanking rows; lateral line strongly curved, descending below the rostro-caudal line, each scale marked by a simple tube reaching or surpassing the centre of the scale; dorsal fin starting slightly behind the base of the ventral fins, acute, hardly emarginate, depth contained about 1¾ times in the depth of the body, much higher but much less than twice as high as base length, spine medium-sized, posteriorly serrated with numerous well visible small teeth, with its flexible part contained about 1½ times in the length of the head; pectoral fins acute, slightly longer than ventral fins, contained about 6⅓ times in the length of the body, not reaching the ventral fins; ventral fins angular, obtuse, not reaching the anal fin; anal fin slightly acute, hardly emarginate, much lower than dorsal fin but much less than twice as low, considerably higher than base length but much less than twice as high, the simple third ray nearly totally cartilaginous; caudal fin scaled only at the base, with a deep incision, lobes acute, contained about 4½ times in the length of the body. Colour: upper part of the body slightly olive, lower part silver; iris yellow, upper part dark; dark or violet supra-ocular spot; scales on back, flanks and tail each violetish at the base; fins pink or pink-hyaline, with uneven dark speckles.


	B. 3. D. 4/8 or 4/9. P. 1/15. V. 2/8. A. 3/5 or 3/6. C. 6/14/6, short flanking ones included.
	Hab.	Sumatra (Benkulen), in rivers.
	Length of sole specimen 146’’’.

Remark. Systomus (Barbodes) goniosoma belongs to the group of the genus which have in a longitudinal series only about 25 scales which from a common centre are radially striped, 351 a short weakly serrated dorsal fin spine and long barbels. In this group it can be recognized by its acute profile, high body, very angular back profile, low head, large scales at the centre of the body, a dorsal fin that is placed entirely behind the pelvic fins, and a strongly curved lateral line. Moreover it has two scales between the undivided pelvic fin ray and the lateral line and between the vent and the lateral line. Maybe the dark spot above the gill cover is also characteristic for this species just like the presence of only 14 branched anal fin rays as the caudal fin does not bear traces of an unnatural development.

Systomus (Barbodes) marginatus Blkr. – Gerande Lalawak [Margined Lalawak].

Atl. Cypr. Tab. XXXII fig. 1.

Fig. 82. Puntius (Barbodes) obtusirostris Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XXXII, Fig. 1. TL figure 177 mm.

A Systomus (Barbodes) with an oblong, compressed body, depth of body contained 4 to 3¼ times in its length, width contained 2⅔ to 3 times in its depth. Head obtuse, contained 5⅖ to nearly 6½ times in length of body with caudal fin, 4 to 4¾ times in length of body without caudal fin; depth of head contained once to 1⅕ times in its length, width nearly 1⅔ to 1¾ times; eye diameter contained 2¼ to 2¾ times in the length of the head, eye diameter contained nearly once to slightly over once in the postocular part of the head, distance between the eyes about once their diameter; palpebral membrane covering the external margin of the iris, broader anteriorly than posteriorly, opening nearly circular; snout obtuse, convex, slightly truncate, shorter than the eye, not sticking out in front of the mouth; nostrils closer to the orbit than to the tip of the snout; rostro-dorsal profile between snout and nape nearly straight or slightly concave, convex on the nape; interorbital line convex; anterior suborbital bone pentagonal, depth hardly or not greater than length, lower margin oblique, anterior and posterior lower margins concave, truncate or convex, upper margins concave, united into an acute, upward pointing angle close to the nostrils, traversed around the middle by a longitudinal crest; 2nd suborbital bone obliquely quadrangular, depth greater anteriorly than posteriorly, length more than twice to less than twice as great as depth, twice to nearly twice as low as 1st suborbital bone; upper jaw longer than lower jaw, moderately vertically downward protrusable, ending anterior to the eye or below the anterior margin of the eye, contained 3 to 3⅓ times in the length of the head; gape slightly oblique; barbels thin, upper jaw barbels much longer than nasal barbels, twice or nearly twice as short as the eye; lower jaw at the symphysis with an obtuse, short tubercle, underside without visible pores; lips medium-sized, terete, lightly transversely rugose; depth of gill cover twice or nearly twice as great as width, lower margin nearly straight; gill opening ending below the posterior rim of the preoperculum. Pharyngeal teeth hooked-spoon-shaped, 2.3.4/4.3.2; scapula triangular, obtusely rounded; back elevated, angular, higher than convex belly; belly flat anterior to ventral fins, angular at the flanks, behind ventral fins obtusely ridged; depth of tail contained about 1½ times in the length of the head; the free half of the scales with slightly ray-like stripes, the basal half generally not striped on the anterior part of the body, sparsely striped slightly ray-like on the posterior part of the body, 28 or 29 scales in the lateral line, 10 in a transverse row (without the lowest ventral scales) of which 5 (4½) above the lateral line, 8 or 9 in a longitudinal row between occiput and dorsal fin, lowest ventral scales in 3 longitudinal rows, scales in medial row gradually increasing in size posteriorly, posterior scales in this row generally larger than those in the flanking rows; lateral line slightly curved, reaching the rostro-caudal line, each scale marked by a simple tube reaching the centre of the scale; dorsal fin starting above the base of the ventral fins, acute, lightly emarginate, depth contained 1⅓ to 1⅔ times in the depth of the body, much higher than base length but much less than twice as high, spine thick, posteriorly serrated with medium-sized teeth, with its flexible part 352 not much longer than the head ; pectoral and ventral fins acute, pectoral fins generally slightly longer than ventral fins, contained 6 to 6½ times in the length of the body, not reaching the ventral fins; ventral fins not reaching the anal fin; anal fin obtuse, lower margin straight or convex, nearly twice as low to considerably less than twice as low as dorsal fin, not or only slightly higher than base length, the simple third ray bony only at the base; caudal fin scaled only at the base, with a deep incision, lobes acute, contained 3¾ to 4 times in the length of the body. Colour: upper part of the body green, lower part silver; iris yellow, upper part dark; generally with an oblong, transverse, blackish scapular spot; scales on back, flanks and tail each with a crescent-shaped, transverse blackish-violet band at the base; fins pink-hyaline, pectoral, ventral and anal fins of fainter colour than the others, dorsal and caudal with a black margin.


	B. 3. D 4/8 or 4/9. P. 1/14. V. 2/8. A. 3/9 or 3/10. C. 8/17/8 or 9/17/9, short flanking ones included.
	Syn.	Barbus marginatus Val., Poiss. XVI p. 122; Blkr, Nieuwe tientall. vischs Sumatra, Nat. T. Ned. Ind. V p. 518.
		Barbeau bordé Val., Poiss. XVI p. 122.
		Lawak, Lalawak Mal. Bat., Regis, Gingehek Sundan, Kapyah Lampong.
	Hab.	Java (Batavia, Lebak, Rankasbetong, Sadjira, Tjikaniki, Tjampea, Buitenzorg, Tjiandjur, Tjipanas, Kuningan, Lelles, Parongkalong, Surakarta, Ngawi, Pasuruan, Grati, Malang, Ngantang, Lesti), in rivers and lakes.
		Sumatra (Pangabuang, Pajakombo, Trussan, Priaman, Lahat), in rivers.
	Length of 63 specimens 65’’’ to 201’’’.

Remark. Systomus (Barbodes) marginatus belongs to a proper type in the subgenus Barbodes, externally recognizable by a relatively multi-rayed not concave anal fin, a character that I cannot recover in any Barbodes species known to me.

The species is generally spread across Java, but is more common in the higher than in the lower stretches of the drainage areas. It is also present in the mountainous areas of Sumatra.

Systomus? (Barbodes) carassioides Blkr. – Twijfelachtige Lalawak [Doubtful Lalawak].

A Barbodes with 4 barbels, bony ray in dorsal and anal fin, dorsal spine serrated (Heck.).


	Syn.	Barbus carassioides Heck., Fisch. Syr. p. 29.
	Hab.	Borneo.

Remark. Heckel mentions this species in his Fische Syriens. I do not know if it is described anywhere in more detail, but it appears from Heckel’s list of Cyprinoids that it has four barbels and a serrated dorsal fin spine.

I posses five new species of Barbodes from Borneo i.e. Systomus (Barbodes) Schwanefeldi, Systomus (Barbodes) amblycephalus, Systomus (Barbodes) erythopterus, Systomus (Barbodes) tetrazona and Systomus (Barbodes) fasciatus. Maybe Heckel’s species belongs to one of the three first mentioned ones, however without further data nothing can be decided concerning this.

353 Systomus (Capoëta) padangensis Blkr. – Padangse Lalawak [Padangian Lalawak].

Atl. Cypr. Tab XXXIV fig. 8.

Fig. 83. Puntius (Capoëta) padangensis Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XXXIV, Fig. 1. TL figure 98 mm.

A Systomus (Capoëta) with a slightly elongate, compressed body, depth of body contained nearly 5 to 4⅓ times in its length, width contained nearly 2 to 2⅓ times in its depth. Head slightly acute, contained 5 to 5⅔ times in length of body with caudal fin, 3⅔ to slightly over 4 times in length of body without caudal fin; depth of head contained 1⅓ to 1¼ times in its length, width 2 to 1¾ times; eye diameter contained nearly 3 times in the length of the head, distance between the eyes ¾ to once their diameter; palpebral membrane covering the external margin of the iris only, opening nearly circular; snout slightly obtuse, convex, shorter than the eye, not sticking out in front of the mouth; nostrils closer to the orbit than to the tip of the snout; rostro-dorsal profile sloping on top of the head, nearly straight, anterior to the eyes and on the nape convex; interorbital line convex; anterior suborbital bone pentagonal, depth slightly greater than length, margins concave except for the lower nearly horizontal margin; two upper margins united into an acute, upward pointing angle close to the nostrils, traversed around the middle by a simple, low, longitudinal crest; 2nd suborbital bone elongate, nearly square, more than twice as low as the 1st suborbital bone; upper jaw longer than lower jaw, strongly vertically downward protrusable, ending below the lower margin of the eye or hardly anterior to the eye, contained 3½ to 3⅓ times in the length of the head; gape rather oblique; barbels thin, twice or more than twice as short as the eye; lower jaw at the symphysis with a conical, obtuse, short tubercle, underside without visible pores; lips thin, terete, not rugose; width of gill cover contained 1½ to 1⅗ times in its depth, lower margin slightly convex or nearly straight; gill opening ending below the posterior rim of the preoperculum. Pharyngeal teeth slightly hooked-spoon-shaped or slightly with a rod-like neck, 2.2.4/4.2.2; scapula triangular, slightly obtusely rounded; back rather elevated, slightly angular, much higher than the belly; belly flat anterior to ventral fins, slightly angular at the flanks, behind ventral fins rounded, not ridged; depth of tail contained 2 to slightly over 2 times in the length of the head; scales generally without visible stripes, for the free part sometimes with sparse, diverging stripes; 38 or 39 scales in the lateral line, 12 in a transverse row (without the lowest ventral scales) of which 7 (6½) above the lateral line, 12 or 13 in a longitudinal row between occiput and dorsal fin, on the lowest part of the belly in 3 longitudinal rows, scales in medial row larger than those in flanking rows; lateral line nearly straight, sloping downward, curved only anteriorly, hardly or not reaching the rostro-caudal line, each scale marked by a simple tube generally reaching or surpassing the centre of the scale; dorsal fin starting above the base of the ventral fins, acute, emarginate, not much lower than the body, not much higher than base length, spine medium-sized, posteriorly serrated with very conspicuous teeth, with its flexible part slightly shorter than the head; pectoral and ventral fins acute, pectoral fins hardly longer than ventral fins, contained slightly over 7 to 6⅓ times in the length of the body, not reaching the ventral fins; ventral fins not reaching the anal fin; anal fin slightly acute, not or hardly emarginate, much lower than dorsal fin but much less than twice as low, hardly or not higher than base length, the simple third ray bony only at the base; caudal fin scaled only at the base, with a deep incision, lobes acute, contained 4 to nearly 4 times in the length of the body. Colour: upper part of the body bluish-green, lower part silver; iris yellow, upper part dark; scales on back, flanks and tail generally each with a small, transverse blackish or dark band at the base; fins hyaline or yellowish, dorsal and caudal fin with a slight blackish margin, lower part of dorsal rays blackish.


	B. 3. D. 4/8 or 4/9. P. 1/14 or 1/15. V. 2/9. A. 3/8 or 3/9. C. 6/17/6 or 7/17/7, short flanking ones included.
	Syn.	Capoëta padangensis Blkr, Diagn. nieuw. Vischs. Sumatra Tient. I-IV, Nat. T. Ned. Ind. III p. 593.
		Bako Mal. Sumatr.
	Hab.	Sumatra (Padang, Meninju, Sinkara), in rivers and lakes.
	Length of 3 specimens 61’’’ to 116’’’.

354 Remark. This species has a peculiar habitus, somewhat resembling that of the genus Dules. Because of its 8 or 9 branched anal fin rays it reminds of Systomus (Barbodes) marginatus Blkr, however the anal fin is pointed and not blunt and rounded as in the last mentioned species, thesnout barbels of which place it outside the subgenus Capoëta. It is easily recognizable by numerous distinct characters. In the meantime I believe it maybe is most closely related to Systomus (Barbodes) marginatus. Till now I only received it from the west coast of Sumatra.

Systomus (Capoëta) sumatranus Blkr. – Sumatrasche Lalawak [Sumatran Lalawak].

Atl. Cypr. Tab. XXXII fig. 1.

Fig. 84. Puntius (Capoëta) sumatranus Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. II, Fig. 11. TL figure 40 mm.

A Systomus (Capoëta) with an oblong, compressed body, depth of body contained 2¾ to 3 times in its length, width contained about 2½ times in its depth. Head slightly obtuse, contained 4⅓ to 4¼ times in length of body with caudal fin, 3 to 3¼ times in length of body without caudal fin; depth of head contained slightly more than once in its length, width contained about 1⅔ times in its length; eye diameter contained about 2½ times in the length of the head, distance between the eyes nearly once their diameter; palpebral membrane covering the external margin of the iris only, opening nearly circular; snout obtuse, convex, shorter than the eye, not sticking out in front of the mouth; nostrils closer to the orbit than to the tip of the snout; rostro-dorsal profile concave on top of the head, convex on the nape; interorbital line nearly straight; anterior suborbital bone obliquely pentagonal, depth hardly greater than length, higher posteriorly than anteriorly, lower margin nearly horizontal, convex, anterior margin short, upper margins concave, united into an acute, upward pointing angle close to the nostrils, lower half traversed by a low longitudinal crest; 2nd suborbital bone thin, elongate, more than twice as low as 1st suborbital bone; upper jaw longer than lower jaw, strongly vertically downward protrusable, ending anterior to the eye or below the anterior margin of the eye, contained slightly over 3 times in the length of the head; gape strongly oblique; barbels less than twice as short as the eye; lower jaw without visible tubercle at the symphysis, lower part without visible pores; lips thin, terete, not rugose; width of gill cover contained about twice in its depth, lower margin nearly straight or slightly convex; gill opening ending below the posterior margin of the preoperculum. Pharyngeal teeth slightly hooked to compressed, 2.3.4/4.3.2; suborbital bone triangular, obtuse with a rounded angle; back elevated, angular, higher than elevated belly; belly nearly flat anterior to ventral fins, ridged behind ventral fins; depth of tail contained about 1¾ times in the length of the head; scales striped with rays originating from a common centre, 21 in a longitudinal row, 11 in a vertical row (without the lowest ventral scales) of which 6 (5½) above the lateral line, 8 in a longitudinal row between occiput and dorsal fin, on the lowest part of the belly in 3 longitudinal rows, scales in medial row not smaller than those in flanking rows; lateral line sloping downward, ending above or behind the tip of the pectoral fins, each scale marked by a simple tube surpassing the centre of the scale; dorsal fin starting above the base of the ventral fins, acute, hardly emarginate, not much less than twice as low as the body, not much higher than base length, spine thin, posteriorly serrated with conspicuous small teeth, with its flexible part slightly shorter than the head; pectoral and ventral fins acute, pectoral fins slightly longer than ventral fins, contained about 5⅔ times in the length of the body, reaching the ventral fins; ventral fins reaching the anal fin; anal fin not or slightly emarginate, much lower than dorsal fin but much less than twice as low, not much higher than base length, the simple third ray thin, bony only at the base; caudal fin scaled only at the base, with a deep incision, lobes acute, contained about 3½ times in the length of the body. Colour: upper part of the body beautiful green, lower part silver, snout beautiful red; iris pink or yellow, upper part dark; scales on the free margin with a dark border; 4 transverse 355 blackish-violet bands on the body, 1st ocular band on the nape united with the lateral band from the opposite side, ventrally ending on the preoperculum, 2nd dorso-ventral band much broader at the top than below, starting slightly anterior to the dorsal fin and ending a little anterior to the base of the ventral fin, 3rd dorso-anal band slightly curved backward, equally broad everywhere, starting a little behind the dorsal fin, entering the posterior part of the anal fin and ending on the anterior part of the anal fin, 4th caudal band close to the base of the caudal fin; dorsal and ventral fins nearly totally black, red only at the base and bordered with red; other fins beautiful red.


	B. 3. D. 4/8 or 4/9. P. 1/12. V. 2/8. A. 3/5 or 3/6. C. 8/17/8, short flanking ones included.
	Syn.	Capoëta tetrazona Blkr, Nalez. vischf. Sumatra, Nat. T. Ned. Ind. IX p. 262.
	Hab.	Sumatra (Lahat), in rivers.
	Length of 5 specimens 30’’’ to 42’’’.

Remark. This small but elegant species is very easily recognizable by its four black body bands, high body, serrated dorsal fin spine, numerous scales, the lateral line ending above the pelvic fins, etc. It has much in common with certain small species of Systomus from Bengal, with regard to colour markings and lateral line, which in Systomus sophore McCl., Systomus ticto McCl., Systomus phutunio Val., Systomus gelio Val. (all in my possession) and probably also in other species, just like in Capoëta oligolepis and the species in question is interrupted and ends at a smaller or larger distance from the caudal fin.

I have changed the species name “tetrazona”, because it was already given to a species of the subgenus Barbodes.

Systomus (Capoëta) brevis Blkr. – Korte Lalawak [Short Lalawak].

Atl. Cypr. Tab. XXXIV fig. 2.

Fig. 85. Puntius (Capoëta) brevis Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XXXVI, Fig. 3. TL figure 68 mm.

A Systomus (Capoëta) with an oblong compressed body, depth of body contained 3⅓ to 3¼ times in its length, width contained about 2 times in its depth. Head slightly acute, contained 4½ to nearly 5 times in length of body with caudal fin, 3⅗ to 3¾ times in length of body without caudal fin; depth of head contained 1⅓ to 1¼ times in its length, width contained about twice in its length; eye diameter contained about 3 times in the length of the head, distance between the eyes nearly once their diameter; palpebral membrane covering the external margin of the iris only, opening nearly circular; snout slightly obtuse, convex, shorter than the eye, not sticking out in front of the mouth; nostrils closer to the orbit than to the tip of the snout; rostro-dorsal profile on top of the head sloping, nearly straight, convex on the nape; interorbital line slightly convex; anterior suborbital bone pentagonal, depth hardly greater than length, lower margin nearly horizontal, convex, 2 upper margins nearly straight or concave, united into an upward pointing angle close to the nostrils, lower half traversed by a longitudinal, nearly simple crest; 2nd suborbital oblong-quadrangular, more than twice as low as anterior suborbital bone; upper jaw longer than lower jaw, ending anterior to the eye or below the anterior margin of the eye, contained slightly over 3 to 3⅓ times in the length of the head; gape rather oblique; barbels thin, shorter than the eye; lower jaw at the symphysis with a conical, obtuse, short tubercle, underside without visible pores; lips thin, terete, not rugose; width of gill cover contained about 1½ times in its depth, lower margin nearly straight or slightly convex; gill opening ending below the posterior rim of the preoperculum. Pharyngeal teeth slightly hooked to grinding, 1.3.4/4.3.1; scapula triangular, obtusely rounded; back elevated, angular, much deeper than the belly; belly flat anterior to ventral fins, behind ventral fins obtusely ridged; depth of tail contained 1⅔ to 1¾ times in the length of the head; scales with sparse ray-like stripes originating from a common centre, 356 24 to 26 scales in the lateral line, 9 in a transverse row (without the lowest ventral scales) of which 5 (4½) above the lateral line, 9 in a longitudinal row between occiput and dorsal fin, on the lowest part of the belly in 3 longitudinal rows, scales in medial row larger than those in flanking rows; lateral line lightly curved, hardly reaching the rostro-caudal line, each scale marked by a simple tube generally reaching the centre of the scale; dorsal fin starting above the base of the ventral fins, acute, emarginate, much lower than the body, much higher than base length but much less than twice as high, spine thin, totally without teeth, with its flexible part not or hardly longer than the head; pectoral and ventral fins acute, nearly equal in length, contained slightly over 6 times in the length of the body, pectoral fins reaching or nearly reaching the ventral fins; ventral fins reaching or nearly reaching the anal fin; anal fin acute, emarginate, much lower than dorsal fin but much less than twice as low, but considerably less than twice as high as base length, the simple third ray thin, bony only at the base; caudal fin scaled only at the base, with a deep incision, lobes acute, contained about 4 times in the length of the body. Colour: upper part of the body green, lower part silver; iris yellow, upper part dark; fins yellowish-hyaline or pink-hyaline; head-tail band broad, silver, diffuse quasi subcutaneous.


	B. 3. D. 4/8 or 4/9. P. 1/14. V. 2/8. A. 3/5 or 3/6. C. 7/17/7 or 6/17/6, short flanking ones included.
	Syn.	Capoëta brevis Blkr, Verh. Bat. Gen. XXIII Ichth. Midd. Oost-Java p. 21.
		Lukas, Wader Javan.
	Hab.	Java (Surabaya, Gombong), in rivers.
	Length of 3 specimens 58’’’ to 75’’’.

Remark. Among my species of the subgenus Capoëta, there are three in which the dorsal fin spine is entirely smooth, without any trace of teeth. Two of these are related to each other by the formula and structure of the scales, the lateral line that extends till the caudal fin base, and its general habitus. These species are the one in question and Systomus (Capoëta) leiacanthus. They are separated only by less important characters. In the species in question the shape of the body is more thick-set and the head relatively larger, whereas a longitudinally faintly bordered silver coloured band and the absence of a dark tail spot facilitate the diagnosis. It seems to inhabit the rivers of Central and East Java.

Systomus (Capoëta) leiacanthus Blkr. – Gladdoornige Lalawak [Smooth-spined Lalawak].

Atl. Cypr. Tab. XXXIV fig. 5.

Fig. 86. Puntius (Capoëta) leiacanthus Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XXXVI, Fig. 1. TL figure 86 mm.

A Systomus (Capoëta) with an oblong compressed body, depth of body contained 3⅚ to 3⅔ times in its length, width contained 2⅓ to 2½ times in its depth. Head slightly obtuse, contained 5 to 5⅓ times in length of body with caudal fin, nearly 4 to slightly over 4 times in length of body without caudal fin; depth of head contained 1¼ to 1⅕ times in its length, width nearly 2 to 1⅔ times; eye diameter contained 2⅔ to 2¾ times in the length of the head, distance between the eyes about once their diameter; palpebral membrane covering the external margin of the iris only, opening nearly circular; snout slightly obtuse, convex, shorter than the eye, not sticking out in front of the mouth; nostrils closer to the orbit than to the tip of the snout; rostro-dorsal profile slightly concave between forehead and nape, convex on the nape; interorbital line convex; anterior suborbital bone pentagonal, depth hardly greater than length, lower margin nearly horizontal, 2 upper margins concave, united into an acute, upward pointing angle close to the nostrils, lower half traversed by a simple longitudinal crest; 2nd suborbital oblong, 357 quadrangular, more than twice as low as anterior suborbital bone; upper jaw longer than lower jaw, moderately downward protrusable, ending below the anterior margin of the eye or hardly anterior to the eye, contained 3½ to 3⅓ times in the length of the head; gape rather oblique; barbels thin, not much shorter than the eye; lower jaw at the symphysis with a conical, obtuse, short tubercle, underside without visible pores; lips thin, terete, not rugose; width of gill cover contained about twice in its depth, lower margin straight or slightly convex; gill opening ending below the posterior margin of the preoperculum. Pharyngeal teeth slightly hooked to grinding, 1.3.4/4.3.1; scapula triangular, obtusely rounded; back elevated, angular, much higher than the belly; belly flat anterior to ventral fins, angular at the flanks, behind ventral fins rounded, not ridged; depth of tail contained 1¾ to 1⅗ times in the length of the head; scales with sparse ray-like stripes originating from a common simple or reticulate centre, 24 to 27 scales in the lateral line, 9 in a transverse row (without the lowest ventral scales) of which 5 (4½) above the lateral line, 8 or 9 in a longitudinal row between occiput and dorsal fin, on the lowest part of the belly in 3 longitudinal rows, scales in the medial row gradually increasing in size posteriorly, posterior scales in those rows larger than those in the flanking rows; lateral line lightly curved, reaching the rostro-caudal line, each scale marked by a simple tube generally reaching the centre of the scale; dorsal fin starting above the base of the ventral fins, acute, emarginate, much lower than the body, not much higher than base length, spine thin, totally without teeth, with its flexible part slightly longer or not longer than the head; pectoral and ventral fins acute, pectoral fins slightly longer than ventral fins, contained about 6 times in the length of the body, hardly or not reaching the ventral fins; ventral fins not reaching the anal fin; anal fin acute, emarginate, much lower than dorsal fin but much less than twice as low, considerably higher than base length but much less than twice as high, the simple third ray slender, bony only at the base; caudal fin scaled only at the base, with a deep incision, lobes acute, contained 3¾ to nearly 4 times in the length of the body. Colour: upper part of the body green, lower part silver, scapular region golden; scales on the back and on the upper part of the flanks each with a small transverse darkish or violetish band at the base; tail in younger animals generally with a profoundly blue round spot in the lateral line, close to the base of the caudal fin; iris yellow, upper part dark; dorsal fins and caudal fin orange- pink more or less bordered with dark spots, other fins yellowish or hyaline.


	B. 3. D. 4/8 or 4/9. P. 1/12. V. 2/8 or 2/9. A. 3/5 or 3/6. C. 7/17/7 or 6/17/6, short flanking ones included.
	Syn.	Capoëta javanica Blkr, Versl. verz. vissch. Oost-Java Nat. T. Ned. Ind. IX p. 412.
	Hab.	Java (Pasuruan, Grati, Gombong), in rivers and lakes.
	Length of 23 specimens 69’’’ to 90’’’.

Remark. Systomus (Capoëta) leiacanthus is closely related to Systomus (Capoëta) brevis and mainly distinguishes itself from it by a more slender body, a smaller head, a dark round tail spot and the absence of a silver longitudinal lateral band. The species seems to be restricted to Central and East Java. As the species name, already was given to Systomus (Barbodes) javanicus, I had to alter it, since my earlier Barbus javanica and Capoëta javanica have been placed under one and the same generic name.

Systomus (Capoëta) oligolepis Blkr. – Grootschubbige Lalawak [Large-scaled Lalawak].

Atl. Cypr. Tab. XXXIII fig. 5

Fig. 87. Puntius (Capoëta) oligolepis Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. II, Fig. 12. TL figure 46 mm.

A Systomus (Capoëta) with an oblong, compressed body, depth of body contained 3½ to 3¼ times in its length, width contained 2 to 2½ times 358 in its depth. Head slightly obtusely convex, contained about 4½ times in length of body with caudal fin, about 3⅓ times in length of body without caudal fin; depth of head contained about 1⅕ times in its length, width contained about 1¾ times in its length; eye diameter contained about 2½ times in the length of the head, distance between the eyes about ¾ times their diameter; palpebral membrane covering the external margin of the iris only, opening nearly circular; snout obtuse, convex, shorter than the eye, not sticking out in front of the mouth; nostrils closer to the orbit than to the tip of the snout; rostro-dorsal profile concave on all of the head and on the nape; interorbital line convex; anterior suborbital bone pentagonal, depth hardly greater than length, lower margin nearly horizontal and convex at the lower sides, lateral upper margins straight or slightly concave, united into an acute, upward pointing angle close to the nostrils, lower half traversed by a low, longitudinal crest; 2nd suborbital oblong-quadrangular, about twice as low as the first suborbital bone; upper jaw longer than lower jaw, strongly downward protrusable, ending below the anterior rim of the eye, contained slightly over 3 times in the length of the head; gape rather oblique; barbels thin, shorter than the eye; lower jaw at the symphysis with a hardly visible tubercle, underside without visible pores; lips thin, terete, not rugose; width of gill cover contained nearly twice in its depth, lower margin nearly straight or slightly convex; gill opening ending below the posterior margin of the preoperculum. Pharyngeal teeth hooked to spoon-shaped, 2.3.4/4.3.2 or 1.3.4/4.3.1; scapula triangular, obtusely rounded; back elevated, angular, much higher than the belly; belly flat anterior to ventral fins, behind ventral fins rounded, not ridged; depth of tail contained nearly 2 times in the length of the head; scales reticulate at the centre, with longitudinal stripes on the free half and the basal half, 16 scales in the lateral line, 7 in a transverse row (without the lowest ventral scales) of which 4 (3½) above the lateral line, 6 in a longitudinal row between occiput and dorsal fin, on the lowest part of the belly in 3 longitudinal rows, scales in medial row larger than those in flanking rows; lateral line curved, not visible on the tail; dorsal fin starting slightly in front of the ventral fins, acute, not emarginate, considerably lower than the body, much higher than base length but much less than twice as high, spine very thin, totally without teeth, with its flexible part slightly shorter than the head; pectoral and ventral fins acute, nearly equal in length, contained nearly 6 times in the length of the body, pectoral fins reaching the ventral fins; ventral fins reaching the anal fin; anal fin acute, not emarginate, nearly twice as low as dorsal fin, much higher than base length but much less than twice as high, the simple third ray very thin, totally or nearly totally cartilaginous; caudal fin scaled only at the base, with a deep incision, lobes acute, contained about 4 times in the length of the body. Colour: upper part of the body shiny metallic green, lower part silver; iris yellow, upper part dark; scales on back, flanks and tail each with an oblong, nearly square or crescent-shaped violet-black band at the base; fins beautiful red, with a broad black margin.


	B. 3. D. 4/8 or 4/9. P. 1/12. V. 2/8. A. 3/5 or 3/6. C. 5/17/5 or 6/17/6, short flanking ones included.
	Syn.	Capoëta oligolepis Blkr, Diagn. Nieuw vischs. Sumatra Tient. V-X Nat. T. Ned. Ind. IV p. 296.
	Hab.	Sumatra (Priaman, Meninju), in rivers and lakes.
	Length of 5 specimens 30’’’ to 47’’’.

Remark. I discovered this species early in 1853 in specimens that I owe to the famous traveller Ida Pfeifer. Later I received another specimen from Prianam from Mr H. Diepenhorst. The species is remarkable because of the low number of scales, by the lack of lateral line tubes on the posterior half of the body, and in relationship closely approaches certain small species of Systomus from Bengal, from which it is distinguished by its upper jaw barbels.

359 Systomus (Systomus) Waandersi Blkr, Nat. T. Ned. Ind. XVI p. 358, Waandersche Lalawak [Waanders’ Lalawak].

Atl. Cypr. Tab. XXXVI.

Fig. 88. Puntius (Puntius) Waandersi Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XXXIV, Fig. 2. TL figure 293 mm.

A Systomus (Systomus) with a rhomboid-oblong compressed body, depth of body contained about 2⅔ times in its length, width contained about 3 times in its depth. Head obtuse, strongly convex, contained about 6⅕ times in length of body with caudal fin, about 4⅔ times in length of body without caudal fin; depth of head contained hardly more than once in its length, width contained about 1⅖ times in its length; eye diameter contained about 2¾ times in the length of the head, distance between the eyes 1⅓ to 1¼ times their diameter; palpebral membrane covering the external margin of the iris only, broader anteriorly than posteriorly, opening nearly circular; snout obtuse, strongly convex, much shorter to less than twice as short as the eye, not sticking out in front of the mouth; nostrils closer to the orbit than to the tip of the snout; rostro-dorsal profile concave between forehead and nape, very convex on the nape; anterior suborbital bone pentagonal, depth much less than twice as great as length, lower part not much broader than upper part, lower margin convex, lower lateral margins slightly truncate or concave, upper margins concave, united into an acute, upward pointing angle close to the nostrils, lower half traversed by a longitudinal crest strongly ascending at the back; 2nd suborbital bone twice as low as first suborbital bone, lower margin convex; upper jaw longer than lower jaw, strongly vertically downward protrusable, ending below the anterior part of the eye, contained about 3¼ times in the length of the head; gape slightly oblique; lower jaw at the symphysis with a conical, obtuse, conspicuous tubercle, slightly hooked at the tip, underside without visible pores; lips medium-sized, terete; width of gill cover contained slightly over twice in its depth, lower margin slightly concave; gill opening nearly vertical, ending below the posterior margin of the preoperculum. Pharyngeal teeth hooked to slightly spoon-shaped to grinding, 2.3.4/4.3.2, rugose-tuberculate on the chewing surface; scapula triangular, obtusely rounded; back strongly elevated, angular, much higher than convex belly; belly flat anterior to ventral fins, angular on the flanks, behind ventral fins obtusely ridged; depth of tail contained about 1½ times in the length of the head; scales on the free part with longitudinal stripes, on the basal part with very sparse longitudinal stripes or none at all; 36 or 37 scales in the lateral line, 16 in a transverse row (without the lowest ventral scales) of which 9 (8½) above the lateral line, 14 or 15 in a longitudinal row between occiput and dorsal fin, on the lowest part of the belly in 3 longitudinal rows, scales in the medial row gradually increasing in size posteriorly, not or hardly larger than those in the flanking rows; lateral line slightly curved, not or hardly reaching the dorso-caudal line, each scale marked by a simple tube not reaching the centre of the scale; dorsal fin starting hardly behind the base or above the posterior part of the base of the ventral fins, acute, emarginate, depth contained nearly twice in the depth of the body, much higher than base length but much less than twice as high, spine thick, posteriorly armed with very conspicuous medium-sized teeth, with its flexible part considerably shorter than the head; pectoral and ventral fins acute, nearly equal in length, contained about 6 times in the length of the body, pectoral fins not reaching the ventral fins; ventral fins not reaching the anal fin; anal fin acute, emarginate, much lower than dorsal fin but much less than twice as low, much higher than base length but much less than twice as high, the simple third ray thick, nearly completely bony; caudal fin scaled only at the base, with a deep incision, lobes acute, contained about 3⅚ times in the length of the body. Colour: upper part of the body green, lower part silver; iris yellow, upper part dark; fins yellowish- or pink-hyaline, dorsal and caudal fin more or less bordered with dark.


	B. 3. D. 4/8 or 4/9. P. 1/16. V. 2/8. A. 3/5 or 3/6. C. 6/17/6, short flanking ones included.
	Hab.	Java (Ngawi), in rivers.
	Length of sole specimen 310’’’.

360 Remark. Most closely related to Systomus bulu, the species in question primarily distinguishes itself from that species by a body shape that still more approaches a high diamond, one longitudinal scale row more above the lateral line, a smaller head with a more convex snout, a remarkably less developed dorsal fin spine, one ray less in the pelvic fins, etc.

I have named it in honour of my friend the major of the artillery J.T. van Bloemen Waanders, who discovered it in Ngawi and benevolently put at my disposal this specimen together with other natural history specimens.

Systomus (Systomus) bulu Blkr. Vierde Bijdr. ichth. Borneo, Nat T. Ned Ind. II p. 207. – Draadloze Lalawak [Barbelless Lalawak].

Atl. Cypr. Tab. XXXV.

Fig. 89. Puntius (Puntius) bulu Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XXVI, Fig. 2. TL figure 254 mm.

A Systomus (Systomus) with an oblong, compressed body, depth of body contained 3⅖ to 3 times in its length, width contained 2½ to 3 times in its depth. Head obtuse, obliquely slightly truncate, contained 4⅔ to 5⅔ times in length of body with caudal fin, 3¼ to nearly 4 times in length of body without caudal fin; depth of head contained 1¼ times to hardly more than once in its length, width contained 1⅚ to 1⅔ times in its length; eye diameter contained 2½ to nearly 3 times in the length of the head, distance between the eyes nearly once to slightly more than once times their diameter; palpebral membrane covering the external margin of the iris only, opening nearly circular; snout obtuse, truncate, elevated, in juveniles twice as short, in adults less than twice as short as the eye, not sticking out in front of the mouth; nostrils very close to the orbit; rostro-dorsal profile with an obtuse angle on the head, rounded at the angle, concave between forehead and nape, very convex on the nape; interorbital line convex or slightly convex; anterior suborbital bone pentagonal, depth greater than width at the upper part, lower part much broader than upper part, rounded at the angles; lower and upper lateral margins concave, upper margins united into an acute, upward pointing angle close to the nostrils, lower half traversed by a longitudinal crest strongly ascending at the back; 2nd suborbital bone less than twice as low as first suborbital bone, lower margin convex; upper jaw longer than lower jaw, strongly vertically downward protrusable, ending below the anterior part of the eye, contained slightly over 3 to nearly 3 times in the length of the head; gape slightly oblique; lower jaw at the symphysis with a conical, well visible tubercle, slightly hooked at the tip, underside without visible pores; lips medium-sized, terete; width of gill cover contained about twice in its depth, lower margin nearly straight; gill opening ending below the posterior margin of the preoperculum. Pharyngeal teeth grinding, 2.3.4/4.3.2; scapula triangular, obtuse, rounded at the tip; back strongly elevated, much higher than the belly; belly flat anterior to ventral fins, angular at the flanks, behind ventral fins rounded, not ridged; depth of tail contained 2 to 1¾ times in the length of the head; scales with longitudinal stripes on the free part, on the basal part with very sparse longitudinal stripes or none at all; 36 or 37 scales in the lateral line, 13 or 14 in a transverse row (without the lowest ventral scales) of which 8 (7½) above the lateral line, 13 in a longitudinal row between occiput and dorsal fin, on the lower part of the belly in 3 longitudinal rows, scales in the medial row larger than those in the other rows; lateral line lightly curved, not or hardly reaching the rostro-caudal line, each scale marked by a short, simple tube generally not reaching the centre of the scale; dorsal fin starting above the base of the ventral fins, acute, emarginate, not much lower than the body, about twice as high as base length, spine thick, posteriorly armed with large teeth, with its flexible part much longer than 361 the head; pectoral and ventral fins acute, pectoral fins slightly shorter than the ventral fins, contained 6 to 6½ times in the length of the body, pectoral fins reaching or nearly the ventral fins, ventral fins reaching or nearly reaching the anal fin; anal fin acute, emarginate, much lower than dorsal fin but much less than twice as low, about twice as high as base length, the simple third for the largest part bony; caudal fin scaled only at the base, with a deep incision, lobes acute, contained 3⅖ to 4 times in the length of the body. Colour: upper part of the body faintly green, lower part silver; scales on back and flanks in adolescent and older animals generally for the basal part marked with a transverse, violet-dark small band, the transversely placed small bands more or less in a row, resembling oblique transverse bands; iris yellow, upper part dark; dorsal and caudal fin red, generally with a margin of dense dark speckles, pectoral, ventral and anal fins yellowish or pink.


	B. 3. D. 4/8 or 4/9. P. 1/16 to 1/18. V. 2/9. A. 3/5 or 3/6. C. 7/17/7, short flanking ones included.
	Syn.	Bulu-bulu Mal. Bandjermas.
	Hab.	Borneo (Bandjermasin, Kahajan, Pontianak), in rivers.
		Sumatra (Palembang, Lahat), in rivers.
	Length of 10 specimens 96’’’ to 300’’’.

Remark. The species in question is not rare in the large streams of Borneo and Sumatra, but it does not seem to occur on Java, where it is replaced by Systomus (Systomus) lawak. It is most closely related to Systomus (Systomus) Waandersi but distinguishes itself from it by a longitudinal scale row less above the lateral line, by a much larger and less blunt head, by a less high body, a remarkably less strongly developed dorsal fin spine, a lower tail relative to the head length, one ray more in the pelvic fins, etc. Judging from a figure found in the several times cited sketchbook of Mr de Castelnau, this species also lives in the rivers of Siam.

Systomus (Systomus) lawak Blkr. Verslag verzamel. Visschen van Oost-Java, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. IX p. 411. – Ongebaarde Lalawak [Unbarbelled Lalawak].

Atl. Cypr. Tab. XXXIV fig. 4.

Fig. 90. Puntius (Puntius) lawak Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XL, Fig. 2, TL figure 102 mm.

A Systomus (Systomus) with an oblong, compressed body, depth of body contained about 3½ times in its length, width contained 2⅔ to 3 times in its depth. Head slightly obtuse, contained slightly over 5 to 5⅓ times in length of body with caudal fin, 3½ to 3¾ times in length of body without caudal fin; depth of head contained 1¼ times, width contained about 2 times in its length; eye diameter contained 2½ to 2¾ times in the length of the head, distance between the eyes ¾ times to once their diameter; palpebral membrane covering the external margin of the iris only, opening nearly circular; snout obtuse, convex, obliquely truncate, about twice as short as the eye, hardly sticking out in front of the mouth; nostrils closer to the orbit than to the tip of the snout; rostro-dorsal profile hardly concave between snout and nape, convex on the nape; interorbital line slightly convex; anterior suborbital bone triangular, depth about equal to length, posterior margin nearly vertical, tip rounded, pointing forward, in the middle traversed by a longitudinal keel; 2nd suborbital bone more than twice as low as anterior suborbital bone; upper jaw longer than lower jaw, strongly vertically downward protrusable, ending below the anterior part of the eye, contained about 3⅓ times in the length of the head; gape slightly oblique; lower jaw at the 362 symphysis with a conical tubercle, slightly hooked at the tip, underside without visible pores; lips medium-sized, terete, without visible ridges; width of gill cover contained about 1¾ times in its depth, lower margin nearly straight or slightly convex; gill opening nearly vertical, ending below the posterior margin of the preoperculum. Pharyngeal teeth 2.3.4/4.3.2, with 2 or 3 tubercles at the tip, (slightly hooked to grinding); scapula triangular, acute or slightly acutely rounded; back strongly elevated, angular, much deeper than the belly; belly flat anterior to ventral fins, behind ventral fins rounded or hardly ridged; depth of tail contained about 1¾ times in the length of the head; scales on the lower half and basal half with longitudinal, slightly ray-like stripes; 33 to 35? scales in the lateral line, 13 or 14 in a transverse row (without the lowest ventral scales) of which 8 (7½) above the lateral line, 14 or 15 in a longitudinal row between occiput and dorsal fin; lateral line lightly curved, reaching the rostro-caudal line, each scale marked by a simple tube generally not reaching the centre of the scale; dorsal fin starting above the base of the ventral fins, acute, emarginate, not much lower than the body, much higher than base length but much less than twice as high, spine rather thick, posteriorly armed with medium-sized, very conspicuous teeth, with its flexible part longer than the head; pectoral and ventral fins acute, nearly equal in length, contained 6 to 6½ times in the length of the body, pectoral fins not reaching or hardly reaching the ventral fins, ventral fins not reaching or hardly reaching the anal fin; anal fin acute, emarginate, considerably lower than dorsal fin, not much higher than base length, its simple third ray bony only for the basal half; caudal fin scaled only at the base, with a deep incision, lobes acute, contained about 3½ times in the length of the body. Colour: upper part of the body green, lower part silver; iris yellow; fins pink or yellowish-hyaline.


	B. 3. D. 4/8 or 4/9. P. 1/15. V. 2/9. A. 3/6 or 3/7. C. 6/17/6 or 7/17/7, short flanking ones included.
	Syn.	Lawak or Lalawak Mal. Bat.
	Hab.	Java (Batavia, Surabaya), in rivers.
	Length of 2 specimens 86’’’ and 108’’’.

Remark. This species is easy recognizable among its relatives by the formula of its anal fin rays (= 3/6 or 3/7) which in other specis is = 3/5 or 3/6. Otherwise it is most closely related to Systomus bulu Blkr, but distinguishes itself by even less scales on the lateral line, a remarkable less developed dorsal fin spine, a lower head, etc.

Cyclocheilichthys Blkr. – Circle-lip carp.

Body oblong, strongly compressed, covered with large or medium-sized scales, back strongly angular. Jaws enclosed in terete, simple lips, upper jaw strongly downward protrusable. Barbels 4, nasal and upper jaw barbels, or 2 upper jaw barbels or none. Snout conical, prominent. Anterior suborbital bone triangular, the acute tip pointing forward. Mouth slightly inferior, hardly oblique gape ending anterior to the eye, in shape of a horse shoe when the mouth is closed. Lower jaw shorter than upper jaw with a more or less tuberculate symphysis. One postlabial groove, parallel to the free margin of the jaw, following the shape of the gape. 363 Anal sheath without larger scales. Dorsal fin starting above or hardly behind the ventral fins and ending far anterior to the anal fin, at the base enclosed in a scaled sheath, posterior simple ray bony, serrated. Anal fin shorter than dorsal fin. Ventral fin with rays 2/9. Pharyngeal teeth spoon-shaped or slightly spoon-shaped, on both sides 7 to 10, in three rows.

Subg. Cyclocheilichthys Blkr. 4 barbels, nasal and upper jaw barbels.

Subg. Siaja Blkr. 2 barbels, upper jaw barbels only.

Subg. Anematichthys Blkr. No barbels.

Remark. I possess a number of no less than 12 archipelagic species, which I earlier, as I too much accepted the generic characters of Mr Valenciennes, almost all have described partly as species of Barbus, partly as species of Capoëta, partly as species of Systomus, according as to they possessed four, two or no barbels.

A more detailed investigation of those species made me realize, that they are so closely related in habitus and structure of body, head, lips and fins, that they can be placed in a single natural genus. This species in relationship stands between Barbus and Systomus, as defined by myself. It is mainly distinguished from Barbus by a high and flat body and an angular back and a broad scale sheath that envelops the basis of the dorsal fin, and from Systomus primarily by the cone-shaped snout, elongated triangular, with the tip anteriorly directed anterior suborbital bone, and a single horse shoe shaped posterior lip groove which lies parallel to the free lower lip edge. More for the convenience of grouping the species than on the basis of the weight of the characters I divide the genus in the three aforementioned subgenera, according to the absence or the presence of two or four barbels. I posses four species of the subgenus Cyclochelichthys, five of Siaja and three of Anemathichthys.

Amongst the known extra-Archipelagic species I do not see a single one that I could place with some certainty in the genus Cyclocheilichthys. However, it seems that the eastern part of South Asia feeds species of this genus. I see at least one species depicted in the often quoted sketchbook of Siamese fishes of the Count F. De Castelnau, which appears to me to concern a juvenile specimen of Cyclocheilicthys armatus.

The species of my collection can be separated from each after the following scheme.


364	I.	Nasal and upper jaw barbels. (Subg. Cyclocheilichthys).
		a.	Lateral line bifid or trifid on each scale. 40 scales in the lateral line, 6 above the lateral line. Lower jaw at the symphysis with a slightly hooked tubercle.
			†	Distance between the tip of the snout and the nape contained 2¼ to 2½ times in the distance between occiput and posterior dorsal ray. Depth of tail contained less than twice in the length of the head. Nucho-dorsal line strongly convex.
Cyclocheilichthys (Cyclocheilichthys) enoplos Blkr.
			†’	Distance between the tip of the snout and the nape contained only twice in the distance between occiput and posterior dorsal ray. Depth of tail contained more than twice in the length of the head. Nucho-dorsal line hardly convex.
Cyclocheilichthys (Cyclocheilichthys) macracanthus Blkr.
		b.	Lateral line marked by a simple tube on each scale. 37 or 38 scales in the lateral line, 7 above the lateral line. Lower jaw at the symphysis without tubercle or with a hardly visible one.
			†	Head contained 5¼ to 5⅔ times in the length of the body. Depth of tail contained 1⅔ times in the length of the head. No dark caudal spot.
Cyclocheilichthys (Cyclocheilichthys) armatus Blkr.
			†’	Head contained 4⅔ to 4¾ times in the length of the body. Depth of tail contained twice to slightly more than twice in the length of the head. Round, blackish caudal spot.
Cyclocheilichthys (Cyclocheilichthys) repasson Blkr.
	II	Barbels 2, upper jaw barbels only (subg. Siaja)
		a.	59 or 60 scales in the lateral line, 9 above the lateral line. D. 4/14 to 4/18, spine thin.
			†	Depth of body contained 5 to 4¾ times in its length. Height of anal fin more than twice as great as length. Dorsal fin starting anterior to ventral fins.
Cyclocheilichthys (Siaja) microlepis Blkr.
		b.	34 to 37 scales in the lateral line, 6 or 7 above the lateral line. D. 4/8 or 4/9, spine thick. Depth of body contained 3⅔ to 4⅓ times in its length.
			†	Barbels simple. Inframaxillary bones diverging behind the symphysis and converging again posteriorly. Black caudal spot.
				Ó	Dorsal fin starting above the base of the ventral fins. 7 scales above the lateral line.
					O	Depth of body contained 3⅔ times in its length. 35 scales in the lateral line. Ventral fins contained 5 times in the length of the body. Barbels very thin, more than 3 times as short as the eye.
Cyclocheilichthys (Siaja) macropus Blkr.
					O’	Depth of body contained nearly 4 times to 4⅓ times in its length. 37 scales in the lateral line. Ventral fins contained 6½ to 7 times in the length of the body. Barbels more than twice as short as the eye.
Cyclocheilichthys (Siaja) siaja Blkr.
				Ò’	Dorsal fins starting slightly behind the base of the ventral fins. 6 scales above lateral line.
					O	Depth of body contained 3¾ times in its length. 34 scales in the lateral line.
Cyclocheilichthys (Siaja) Deventeri Blkr.
			†’	Barbels branched. Inframaxillary bones equidistant everywhere. No black caudal spot.
				Ò	Dorsal fin starting above the basis of the ventral fins. 6 scales above lateral line.
					O	Depth of body contained 3¾ to 3⅔ times in its length. 35 scales in the lateral line.
Cyclocheilichthys (Siaja) heteronoma Blkr.
	III	No barbels (Subg. Anematichthys).
		a.	34 to 36 scales in the lateral line, 7 above lateral line. D. 4/8 or 4/9, spine robust.
			†	Dorsal fin starting behind the base of the ventral fins. Depth of body contained 3⅕ to 4 times in its length. Black caudal spot.
				Ó	Head contained 4¼ to 4¾ times in the length of the body. Depth of tail contained twice in the length of the head. Scales on body each with a squarish, blackish spot at the base. P. 1/16.
Cyclocheilichthys (Anematichthys) apogon Blkr.
				Ó’	Head contained 4⅘ to 5¼ times in the length of the body. Depth of tail contained 1¾ to 1⅘ times in the length of the head. P 1/14.
Cyclocheilichthys (Anematichthys) apogonides Blkr.
			†’	Dorsal fin starting above the base of the ventral fins. No caudal spot, but a black head-tail band. Depth of the body contained 4⅓ times in its length.
				O	Head contained nearly 5 times in the length of the body. Depth of tail contained 2¼ to 2⅓ times in the length of the head. Pectoral fins violet, dorsal and caudal fin with a broad black margin. P. 1/16 or 1/17.
Cyclocheilichthys (Anematichthys) jantochir Blkr.

366 Cyclocheilichthys (Cyclocheilichthys) enoplos Blkr. – Grootdoornige Kringlipkarper [Large-spined Circle-lip Carp].

Atl. Cypr. Tab. XXXVII fig. 3.

Fig. 91. Cyclocheilichthys (Cyclocheilichthys) enoplos Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XXVII, Fig. 2, TL figure 221 mm.

A Cyclocheilichthys (Cyclocheilichthys) with an oblong, compressed body, depth of body contained 4 to slightly over 4 times in its length, width contained 2¼ to about 2½ times in its depth. Head acute, contained slightly over 5 to 5½ times in length of body with caudal fin, 3¾ to 4¼ times in length of body without caudal fin; depth of head contained 1⅖ to nearly 1½ times, width contained 2 to 1⅘ times in its length; distance between the tip of the snout and the nape contained 2¼ to 2½ times in the distance between occiput and posterior dorsal ray; eye diameter contained 3¼ to 4 times in the length of the head, diameter contained 1½ to nearly 2 times in the postocular part of the head; palpebral membrane covering the external margin of the iris only, broader anteriorly and at the top than posteriorly, opening nearly circular; snout acute, convex, slightly sticking out in front of the mouth, in younger fishes shorter than the eye, in adults longer than the eye; nostrils much closer to the orbit than to the tip of the snout; rostro-dorsal profile slightly concave or convex between nape and snout, convex on the nape; interorbital line slightly convex to slightly concave; anterior suborbital bone oblong, triangular, depth considerably less than twice the length, posterior margin nearly vertical, convex, tip acute, pointing forward, lower half traversed by a longitudinal, nearly horizontal crest; 2nd suborbital bone oblong-quadrangular, higher anteriorly than posteriorly, length about twice as great as depth, about twice as low as 1st suborbital bone; upper jaw longer than lower jaw, strongly vertically downward protrusable, ending below the anterior margin of the eye, contained about 3⅖ to 3⅘ times in the length of the head; gape slightly oblique; barbels thin, upper jaw barbels longer than nasal barbels, about twice as short as the eye; lower jaw at the symphysis with a conical, obtuse tubercle, slightly hooked at the tip, underside on both branches with 3 or 4 hardly visible pores, placed in a longitudinal row; lips medium-sized, terete, transversely rugose; width of gill cover contained 1¾ to 1⅘ times in its depth, lower margin nearly straight; gill opening ending below the posterior rim of the preoperculum. Pharyngeal teeth hooked-slightly spoon-shaped, 2.3.5/5.3.2, 2 internal teeth in largest row conical, acuminate at the tip, chewing surface not concave; scapula triangular, rounded at the tip; back angular, elevated, much higher than the belly; belly flat anterior to ventral fins, angular at the flanks, behind ventral fins rounded, not ridged; depth of tail contained less than twice in the length of the head; scales for the lower half and basal half with longitudinal stripes; 40 scales in the lateral line, 12 in a transverse row (without the lowest ventral scales) of which 6 (5½) above the lateral line, 11 or 12 in a longitudinal row between occiput and dorsal fin, the scales on the lowest part of the belly in three longitudinal rows, scales in medial row gradually increasing in size posteriorly, posterior scales in those rows larger than those in flanking rows; lateral line straight, sloping downward only anteriorly, not reaching the rostro-caudal line, each scale marked by a dichotome or branched tube; dorsal fin starting above the base of the ventral fins, acute, emarginate, not much lower or slightly lower than the body, twice or more than twice as high as base length, spine very thick, posteriorly serrated with large teeth, with its flexible part longer than the head, contained 3 to 3½ times in the length of the body without caudal fin; pectoral and ventral fins acute, nearly equal in length, contained 6 to 6½ times in the length of the body, pectoral fins reaching or nearly reaching the ventral fins; ventral fins not reaching the anal fin; anal fin acute, emarginate, considerably less than twice as low as dorsal fin, twice or more than twice as high as base length, the simple third ray thin, bony only at the base; caudal fin scaled only at the base, with a deep incision, lobes acute, contained 4¼ to 4⅔ times in the length of the body. Colour: upper part of the body green, lower part silver; iris yellow, upper part dark; cheeks and forehead with very thin, dense, transverse faintly pink stripes, not always visible; fins yellowish, dorsal and caudal fin with a dark margin.


	B. 3. D. 4/8 or 4/9. P. 1/16 or 1/17. V. 2/9. A. 3/5 or 3/6. C. 6/17/6 or 7/17/7, short flanking ones included.
	Syn.	Barbus enoplos Blkr, Verh. Bat. Gen. XXIII Ichth. Midd. Oost-Java p. 16.
367		Tjakkul, Wader Javan.
	Hab.	Java (Surabaya, Ngawi), in rivers.
	Length of 5 specimens 148’’’ to 450’’’.

Remark. My species of the subgenus Cyclocheilichthys belong to two types. One type is recognizable by a more slender body, a more slender and more pointed head, and especially by the peculiarity that the lateral line tubes on each scale are double, on some scales even triple, a peculiarity that I do not know from any other Cyprinoid species.

To these types belong Cyclocheilichthys enoplos, which I discovered in 1848 in Surabaya, and Cyclocheilichthys macracanthus, a Sumatran species, which seem to replace the Javanese species on Sumatra.

Both species have a very close relationship which each other and even the same formulas of the scales and fin rays, however they definitely differ from each other by the shape of the head, tail, etc.

The species in question does not seem to occur on West Java. The western most locality known to me is the large Solo river near Ngawi, in the residence Madiun, from where the largest of my specimens was sent to me.

Cyclocheilichthys (Cyclocheilichthys) macracanthus Blkr. – Langdoornige Kringlipkarper [Long-spined Circle-lip Carp].

Atl. Cypr. Tab. XXIV.

Fig. 92. Cyclocheilichthys (Cyclocheilichthys) macracanthus Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XXIV, Fig. 2, TL figure 257 mm.

A Cyclocheilichthys (Cyclocheilichthys) with an oblong, compressed body, depth of body contained 4 to slightly over 4 times in its length, width contained 2 to 2¼ times in its depth. Head acute, contained 4¾ to slightly over 5 times in length of body with caudal fin, 3⅘ to 3¾ times in length of body without caudal fin; depth of head contained about 1½ times, width contained 1⅚ to 1¾ times in its length; distance between the tip of the snout and the nape contained twice in the distance between occiput and the posterior part of the dorsal ray; eye diameter contained 3¼ to nearly 4 times in the length of the head, diameter contained 1⅗ to 1⅔ times in the postocular part of the head, distance between the eyes slightly more than once to 1¼ times their diameter; palpebral membrane covering the external margin of the iris only, opening nearly circular; snout acute, convex, slightly shorter than the eye or (at a higher age) slightly longer, not or hardly sticking out in front of the mouth; nostrils much closer to the orbit than to the tip of the snout; rostro-dorsal profile between nape and forehead nearly straight or slightly concave, lightly convex on the nape; interorbital line nearly straight or slightly concave; anterior suborbital bone oblong-triangular, length not much less than twice the depth, posterior margin nearly vertical, convex, tip acute pointing forward, lower half traversed by a longitudinal, nearly horizontal crest; 2nd suborbital bone oblong-quadrangular, higher anteriorly than posteriorly, length about twice as great as height, about twice as low as 1st suborbital bone; upper jaw longer than lower jaw, strongly vertically downward protrusable, ending hardly anterior to the eye or below the anterior margin of the eye, contained 3⅖ to 3⅓ times in the length of the head; gape slightly oblique; barbels thin, upper jaw barbels longer than nasal barbels, about twice as short as the eye; lower jaw at the symphysis with a conical, obtuse tubercle, slightly hooked at the tip, underside on both branches with about 4 pores, placed in a longitudinal row; lips medium sized, terete, transversely rugose; width of gill cover contained about 1¾ times in its height, lower margin nearly straight; gill opening ending below the posterior margin of the preoperculum. Pharyngeal teeth hooked to spoon-shaped, 2.3.5/5.3.2 or 2.3.4./4.3.2, internal 2 teeth or 1 tooth in largest 368 row conical, acuminate at the tip, chewing surface not concave; scapula triangular, rounded at the tip; back elevated, angular, much higher than the belly; belly flat anterior to ventral fins, angular at the flanks, behind ventral fins rounded, not ridged; depth of tail contained more than twice in the length of the head; scales with longitudinal stripes on the free half and often also on basal half; 40 scales in the lateral line, 12 in a transverse row (without the lowest ventral scales) of which 6 (5½) above the lateral line, 11 in a longitudinal row between occiput and dorsal fin, scales on the lowest part of the belly in three longitudinal rows, scales in medial row gradually increasing in size posteriorly, posterior scales in those rows larger than those in flanking rows; lateral line straight, sloping downward slightly only anteriorly, not reaching the rostro-caudal line, each scale marked by a dichotome tube; dorsal fin starting above the base of the ventral fins, acute, emarginate, slightly higher than the body, more than twice as deep as base length, spine very thick, posteriorly serrated with large teeth, the flexible part longer than the head, contained about 3 times in the length of the body without caudal fin; pectoral and ventral fins acute, nearly equal in length, contained 6 to 6¾ times in the length of the body, pectoral fins reaching or nearly reaching the ventral fins; ventral fins not reaching the anal fin; anal fin acute, emarginate, considerably less than twice as low as dorsal fin, twice or more than twice as high as base length, the simple third ray thin, bony only at the base; caudal fin scaled only at the base, with a deep incision, lobes acute, contained 4½ to 4¾ times in the length of the body. Colour: upper part of the body green, lower part silver; cheeks, snout and forehead with transverse, very thin faintly pink, not always visible stripes; iris yellow, upper part dark; fins yellowish, dorsal and caudal fin with a margin of dark speckles.


	B. 3. D. 4/8 or 4/9. P. 1/17 or 1/18. V. 2/9. A. 3/5 or 3/6. C. 6/17/6 or 7/17/7, short flanking ones included.
	Syn.	Barbus macracanthus Blkr, Nieuw. tient. vischs. Sumatra, Nat. T. Ned. Ind. V p. 516.
		Djolli Palemb.
	Hab.	Sumatra (Palembang), in rivers.
	Length of 3 specimens 230’’’ to 270’’’.

Remark. The species in question has the forked lateral line tubes and most peculiarities in the shape in common with Cyclocheilichthys enoplos, however it differs from it by its relatively lower and longer head, little concave profile between snout and nape and little convex profile of the nape itself, a more slender tail, which height goes more than twice in the length of the head, and because the distance from the snout to the nape goes only two times in the distance from the back of the head to the posteriormost dorsal fin ray.

All my specimens originate from the Moessi, where they were caught near the capital Palembang.

Cyclocheilichthys (Cyclocheilichthys) armatus Blkr. – Gewapende Kringlipkarper [Armed Circle-lip Carp].

Atl. Cypr. Tab. XXV. [Tab. XXIV, fig. 1]

Fig. 93. Cyclocheilichthys (Cyclocheilichthys) armatus Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XXIV, Fig. 1. TL figure 203 mm.

A Cyclocheilichthys (Cyclocheilichthys) with an oblong compressed body, depth of body contained 3⅚ to 3⅓ times in its length, width contained 3 to 2¾ times in its depth. Head acute, contained 5¼ to 5⅔ times in length of body with caudal fin, 3¾ to 4¼ times in length of body without caudal fin; depth of head contained about 1⅖ times, width contained about 2 times in its length; distance between the tip of the snout and the nape contained 3½ to 3⅖ times in the distance between occiput and posterior dorsal ray; eye diameter contained nearly 3 to slightly over 3 times in the length of the head, diameter contained once to 1¼ times in the postocular part of the head, distance between the eyes slightly more than ¾ times to slightly more than once their diameter; palpebral membrane covering the external margin of the iris only, opening nearly circular; snout acute, convex, 369 in younger animals shorter than the eye, in old animals hardly or not shorter than the eye, not or hardly sticking out in front of the mouth; nostrils much closer to the orbit than to the tip of the snout; rostro-dorsal profile concave between snout and nape, convex on the nape; interorbital line nearly straight or slightly concave; anterior suborbital bone oblong-triangular, length much less than twice the depth, posterior margin nearly vertical, lower part rounded, tip acute, pointing forward, lower half traversed by a longitudinal, nearly horizontal crest; 2nd suborbital bone elongate-quadrangular, higher anteriorly than posteriorly, twice or nearly twice as low as 1st suborbital bone; upper jaw longer than lower jaw, strongly vertically downward protrusable, ending hardly anterior to the eye, contained 3⅔ to 3⅗ times in the length of the head; gape slightly oblique; barbels thin, nasal barbels about twice as short as upper jaw barbels, upper jaw barbels twice or more than twice as short as the eye; lower jaw at the symphysis without visible tubercle, underside without visible pores; lips medium-sized, terete, transversely rugose; width of gill cover contained about twice in its depth, lower margin nearly straight; gill opening ending below the posterior margin of the preoperculum. Pharyngeal teeth hooked to spoon-shaped, 2.3.5/5.3.2; scapula triangular, acutely rounded at the tip; back strongly elevated, angular, much higher than the belly; belly flat anterior to ventral fins, angular at the flanks, rounded behind ventral fins, not ridged; depth of tail contained about 1⅔ times in the length of the head; scales on the free half and generally also on basal half with longitudinal or slightly ray-like stripes; 37 scales in the lateral line, 13 in a transverse row (without the lowest ventral scales) of which 7 (6½) above the lateral line, 14 in a longitudinal row between occiput and dorsal fin, scales on the lowest part of the belly in three longitudinal rows, scales in medial row gradually increasing in size posteriorly, posterior scales in those rows larger than those in flanking rows; lateral line nearly straight, sloping downward only anteriorly, not reaching rostro-caudal line, each scale marked by a simple tube generally not surpassing the centre of the scale; dorsal fin starting above the base of the ventral fins, acute, emarginate, not much lower than the body, much higher than base length but much less than twice as high, spine very thick, posteriorly armed with large teeth, with the flexible part not much longer than the head; pectoral and ventral fins acute, nearly equal in length, contained 6¼ to 6½ times in the length of the body, pectoral fins hardly reaching or not reaching the ventral fins; ventral fins not reaching the anal fin; anal fin acute, emarginate, much lower than dorsal fin but much less than twice as low, twice or nearly twice as high as base length, the simple third ray medium-sized, only basal half bony; caudal fin scaled only at the base, with a deep incision, lobes acute, contained 4½ to 5 times in the length of the body. Colour: upper part of the body green, lower part silver; cheeks, snout and forehead with transverse, very thin, generally pink, not always visible stripes; iris yellow, upper part dark; fins hyaline-pink or yellowish, dorsal and caudal fin more or less speckled with dark.


	B. 3. D. 4/8 or 4/9. P. 1/17 or 1/18. V. 2/9. A. 3/5 or 3/6 or 3/7. C. 8/17/8 or 7/17/7, short flanking ones included.
	Syn.	Barbus armatus Val., Poiss. XVI p. 121.
		Barbeau armé Val., Poiss. XVI p. 121.
		Barbus Valenciennesii Blkr, Verh. Bat. Gen. XXIII Ichth. M.O. Java p. 17.
		Lawak, Lalawak Mal. Bat; Wader Javan; Seren, Sakka Sundan.
	Hab.	Java (Batavia, Perdana, Parongkalong, Surabaya), in rivers.
		Sumatra (Lahat), in rivers.
	Length of 15 specimens 120’’’ to 232’’’.

Remark. The species that I earlier considered only hesitatingly as a species different from Barbus armatus Val. and described under the name Barbus Valenciennesii, since then appeared to me not easily to different from the above mentioned one.

It belongs to a different type of the subgenus Cyclochelichthys than Cyclocheilichthys 370 enoplos and Cyclocheilichthys macracanthus, because of its single lateral line tubes, more thick-set body and more blunt profile.

To this type belong two of my species, Cyclocheilichthys armatus and Cyclochei-lichthys repasson, which stand in approximately the same relation to each other as Cyclocheilichthys enoplos and Cyclocheilichthys macracanthus, and whose differences can be found in the length and height proportions of the head, the eyes and the tail, to which can be added some peculiarities in the colouration.

Cyclocheilichthys armatus can primarily be distinguished from Cyclocheilichthys repasson by a higher body, shorter and more blunt head, a higher tail and the absence of a blackish tail spot. It is not rare on Java and seems to occur especially frequently in the Kalimas in East Java. However, it also occurs in the rivers of Sumatra, from where I received it from Lahat, on the higher part in the area of the Moessi, in the Palembang residency.

Cyclocheilichthys (Cyclocheilichthys) repasson Blkr. – Vierdradige Kringlipkarper [Four-barbelled Circle-lip Carp].

Atl. Cypr. Tab. XXVI.

Fig. 94. Cyclocheilichthys (Cyclocheilichthys) repasson Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XXV, Fig. 1. TL figure 224 mm.

A Cyclocheilichthys (Cyclocheilichthys) with an oblong, compressed body, depth of body contained nearly 3⅔ to 3½ times in its length, width contained 2½ to 2⅔ times in its depth. Head acute, contained 4⅔ to 4¾ times in length of body with caudal fin, 3⅔ to 3⅚ times in length of body without caudal fin; depth of head contained about 1½ times, width contained about 2 times in its length; distance between the tip of the snout and the nape contained 2¾ to nearly 3 times in the distance between occiput and posterior dorsal ray; eye diameter contained 2⅔ to 3 times in the length of the head, diameter contained nearly once to once in the postocular part of the head, distance between the eyes ⅔ times to nearly once their diameter; palpebral membrane covering the external margin of the iris only, opening nearly circular; snout acute, convex, in younger animals and in old fishes shorter than the eye, hardly sticking out in front of the mouth; nostrils much closer to the orbit than to the tip of the snout; rostro-dorsal profile concave between snout and nape, strongly convex on the nape; interorbital line nearly straight or slightly concave; anterior suborbital bone oblong-triangular, length not much greater than depth, posterior margin nearly vertical, convex, tip acute, pointing forward, lower half traversed by a longitudinal, nearly horizontal crest; 2nd suborbital bone elongate-quadrangular, higher anteriorly than posteriorly, length about twice as great as depth; twice or more than twice as low as 1st suborbital bone; upper jaw longer than lower jaw, strongly vertically downward protrusable, ending hardly anterior to the eye, contained 3⅔ to 3½ times in the length of the head; gape slightly oblique; barbels thin, upper jaw barbels longer than nasal barbels, twice or more than twice as short as the eye; lower jaw at the symphysis without visible tubercle, underside without visible pores; lips medium-sized, terete, transversely rugose; width of gill cover contained nearly twice to slightly more than twice in its depth, lower margin nearly straight or slightly convex; gill opening ending below the posterior margin of the preoperculum. Pharyngeal teeth hooked to spoon-shaped, 2.3.5/5.3.2; scapula triangular, slightly acutely rounded; back strongly elevated, angular, much higher than the belly; belly flat anterior to ventral fins, angular at the flanks, behind ventral fins rounded, not ridged; depth of tail contained twice to slightly over twice in the length of the head; scales on the free half and on the basal half with longitudinal stripes or slightly ray-like stripes; 37or 38 scales in the lateral line, 13 in a transverse row (without the lowest ventral scales) of which 7 (6½) above the lateral line, 12 or 13 in a longitudinal row between occiput and dorsal fin, scales on the lowest part of the belly in three longitudinal rows, scales in the medial row gradually increasing in size posteriorly, posterior scales in this row larger than those in 371 flanking rows; lateral line nearly straight, sloping downward only anteriorly, not reaching the rostro-caudal line, each scale marked by a simple tube generally not reaching the centre of the scale; dorsal fin starting above the base of the ventral fins, acute, emarginate, not or not much lower than the body, not much less than twice as high as base length, spine very thick, posteriorly serrated with large teeth, with the flexible part considerably longer than the head; pectoral and ventral fins acute, nearly equal in length, contained 5¾ to 6 times in the length of the body, pectoral fins reaching the ventral fins; ventral fins not reaching the anal fin; anal fin acute, emarginate, much lower than dorsal fin but much less than twice as low, twice or nearly twice as high as base length, the simple third ray bony only for the basal half; caudal fin scaled only at the base, with a deep incision, lobes acute, contained 3⅘ to 4⅓ times in the length of the body. Colour: upper part of the body green, lower part silver; iris yellow, upper part dark; snout, cheeks and forehead with transverse, very thin, reddish, densely packed stripes, not always visible; scales on back, flanks and tail each with a quadrangular, triangular or crescent-shaped blackish-violet spot, tail with a large, round black-violet spot in the lateral line, bordering on the base of the caudal fin; fins pink, dorsal and caudal fin with a dark margin.


	B. 3. D. 4/8 or 4/9. P. 1/17 or 1/18. V. 2/9. A. 3/5 or 3/6. C. 7/17/7, short flanking ones included.
	Syn.	Barbus repasson Blkr. Diagn. beschrijv. nieuwe vischs. Sumatra Tient. V tot X, Nat. T. Ned. Ind. IV p. 295.
		Repasson Lampong.
	Hab.	Sumatra (Pangabuang, Moerakompeh), in rivers.
	Length of 3 specimens 170’’’ to 220’’’.

Remark. Cyclocheilichthys repasson is very closely related to Cyclocheilichthys armatus, however distinguishes itself from it by a larger head and larger eyes, more pointed snout, a tail spot and scale spots. Moreover in Cyclocheilichthys armatus the height of the tail goes only 1⅔ times in the length of the head and on the contrary the distance from the snout tip to the neck 3⅖ to 3½ times in the distance from the back of the head till the posteriormost dorsal fin ray. In Cyclocheilichthys armatus often also one anal fin ray more present than in Cyclocheilichthys repasson, however this character is not constant.

I have only obtained the species described here from the rivers of East Sumatra.

Cyclocheilichthys (Siaja) microlepis Blkr. – Kleinschubbige Kringlipkarper [Small-scaled Circle-lip Carp].

Atl. Cypr. Tab. XXVIII fig. 2.

Fig. 95. Cyclocheilichthys (Siaja) microlepis Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XXVII, Fig. 3. TL figure 222 mm.

A Cyclocheilichthys (Siaja) with an elongate or oblong, compressed body, depth of body contained 5 to 4¾ times in its length, width contained about 2 times in its depth. Head acute, contained 4¾ to nearly 5⅓ times in length of body with caudal fin, 3⅘ to 4¼ times in length of body without caudal fin; depth of head contained 1⅔ to 1½ times in its length, width 2¼ to 1⅚ times; eye diameter contained 2⅔ to 3 times in the length of the head, distance between the eyes ⅗ to ¾ times their diameter; palpebral membrane covering the external margin of the iris only, opening nearly circular; snout slightly acute, convex, in younger and in old animals shorter than the eye, not sticking out in front of the mouth; nostrils much closer to the orbit than to the tip of the snout; rostro-dorsal profile nearly straight or slightly concave between snout and nape, convex on the nape; anterior suborbital bone oblong-triangular, length less than twice as great as depth, posterior margin nearly vertical, lower margin nearly horizontal, tip acute, 372 pointing forward, lower half with a low, longitudinal, not branched crest, close to the lower margin of the bone; 2nd suborbital bone obliquely elongate-quadrangular, higher anteriorly than posteriorly; twice or more than twice as low as 1st suborbital bone; upper jaw longer than lower jaw, strongly vertically downward protrusable, ending hardly anterior to the eye or below the anterior margin of the eye, contained 3½ to 3½ times in the length of the head; gape slightly oblique; barbels thin, twice or more than twice as short as the eye; lower jaw at the symphysis with a conical, obtuse, short tubercle, underside without visible pores; lips medium-sized, terete, their free parts not rugose; width of gill cover contained 1⅗ to nearly 2 times in its height, lower margin nearly straight; gill opening nearly vertical, ending below the anterior part of the gill cover or below the posterior margin of the preoperculum. Pharyngeal teeth hooked to spoon-shaped, 2.3.5/5.3.2; scapula triangular, slightly obtusely or slightly acutely rounded; back elevated, angular, much higher than the belly; belly flat anterior to ventral fins, angular at the flanks, behind ventral fins rounded, not ridged; depth of tail contained more than twice in the length of the head; scales on the free half and often also on the basal half with longitudinal or slightly ray-like stripes; 59 or 60 scales in the lateral line, 17 in a transverse row (without the lowest ventral scales) of which 9 (8½) above the lateral line, 17 or 18 in a longitudinal row between occiput and dorsal fin, scales on the lowest part of the belly in five longitudinal rows, scales in medial row gradually increasing in size posteriorly, posterior scales in this row slightly larger than those in flanking rows; lateral line straight, sloping downward only anteriorly, not reaching the rostro-caudal line, each scale marked by a short, simple tube generally not reaching the centre of the scale; dorsal fin starting slightly above the base of the ventral fins, acute, emarginate, slightly lower than the body, slightly higher than its base length, spine thin, posteriorly serrated with conspicuous, small teeth, with the flexible part longer than the head; pectoral and ventral fins acute, pectoral fins slightly shorter than ventral fins, contained 6 to 6¼ times in the length of the body, pectoral fins reaching the ventral fins; ventral fins not reaching the anal fin; anal fin acute, emarginate, much lower than dorsal fin but much less than twice as low, twice or nearly twice as high as base length, the simple third ray thin, bony only for the basal half; caudal fin scaled only at the base, with a deep incision, lobes acute, contained 4¼ to 4⅖ times in the length of the body. Colour: upper part of the body green, lower part silver; iris yellow; dorsal and caudal fins pink with a border of dark speckles, other fins pink-yellowish or yellowish-hyaline.


	B. 3. D. 4/14 or 4/15 to 4/17 or 4/18. P. 1/16 to 1/18. V. 2/9. A. 3/5 or 3/6. C. 6/17/6 or 7/17/7, short flanking ones included.
	Syn.	Capoëta microlepis Blkr, Vierde bijdr. ichthyol. Borneo, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. II p. 206.
	Hab.	Borneo (Bandjermasin, Pontianak), in rivers.
		Sumatra (Palembang), in rivers.
	Length of 4 specimens 135’’’ to 272’’’.

Remark. The long multi rayed dorsal fin armed with a serrated spine and the two upper jaw barbels of the species in question might remind one of a Cyprinion. Investigation of the mouth parts however, reveals that it belongs to the Cheilognathines and the structure of its lips and the habitus of the head and the body point to a place in the genus Cyclocheilichthys, whereas its two upper jaw barbels indicate they belong to the subgenus Siaja.

However, it diverges from all other known species of Siaja, firstly by its numerous dorsal fin rays and the slender and finely toothed dorsal spine, secondly by the numerousness of its scales, both in the longitudinal and the transverse rows.

373 Siaja microlepis therefore is sharply characterized in the large family of the Cyprinoids. In general habitus it most approaches Cyclocheilichthys macracanthus, however its small scales, numerous dorsal fin rays and slender dorsal fin spine make it easy to recognize it at first glance.

Till now I have received of this species only specimens caught in the Barito, the Kapuas and the Moessi, the three largest rivers of the Indian Archipelago.

Cyclocheilichthys (Siaja) macropus Blkr. – Grootvoetige Kringlipkarper [Large feet Circle-lip Carp].

Atl. Cypr. Tab. XXVII fig. 2.

Fig. 96. Cyclocheilichthys (Siaja) macropus Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XXXV, Fig. 2. TL figure 92 mm.

A Cyclocheilichthys (Siaja) with an oblong, compressed body, depth of body contained about 3⅔ times in its length, width contained about 2 times in its depth. Head acute, contained 4½ times in length of body with caudal fin, 3⅓ to 3¼ times in length of body without caudal fin; depth of head contained nearly 1½ times, width contained nearly twice in its length; eye diameter contained about 2⅚ times in the length of the head, distance between the eyes about ⅗ times their diameter; palpebral membrane covering the external margin of the iris only, opening nearly circular; snout acute, convex, shorter than the eye, not or hardly sticking out in front of the mouth; nostrils much closer to the orbit than to the tip of the snout; rostro-dorsal profile between snout and nape slightly concave, lightly convex on the nape; interorbital line nearly straight or slightly concave; anterior suborbital bone oblong-triangular, length much less than twice as great as depth, posterior margin nearly vertical, rounded at the underside, tip acute, pointing forward, lower half traversed by a longitudinal, nearly horizontal crest; 2nd suborbital bone elongate-obliquely quadrangular, much higher anteriorly than posteriorly; about twice as low as anterior suborbital bone; upper jaw longer than lower jaw, strongly vertically downward protrusable, ending in front of the eye, contained about 3⅔ times in the length of the head; gape slightly oblique; barbels very thin, very short, about three times as short as the eye, hardly visible; lower jaw at the symphysis with an obtuse, hardly visible tubercle, underside without visible pores; lips medium-sized, terete, transversely rugose; width of gill cover contained 1⅔ times in its depth, lower margin slightly convex or nearly straight; gill opening nearly vertical, ending below the posterior margin of the preoperculum. Pharyngeal teeth hooked to spoon-shaped, 2.3.4/4.3.2; scapula triangular, obtusely rounded; back elevated, strongly angular, much higher than the belly; belly flat anterior to ventral fins, angular at the flanks, behind ventral fins rounded, not ridged; depth of tail contained twice in the length of the head; scales on the free half and often also on the basal half with slightly ray-like stripes, 35 scales in the lateral line, 13 in a transverse row (without the lowest ventral scales) of which 7 (6½) above the lateral line, 12 or 13 between occiput and dorsal fin, scales on the lowest part of the belly in three longitudinal rows, scales in medial row gradually increasing in size posteriorly, posterior scales in that row slightly larger than those in flanking rows; lateral line nearly straight, sloping downward only anteriorly, not or hardly reaching rostro-caudal line, each scale marked by a simple tube generally surpassing the centre of the scale; dorsal fin starting above the base of the ventral fins, acute, emarginate, not or hardly lower than the body, not much less than twice as high as base length, spine very thick, posteriorly armed with large teeth, with the flexible part longer than the head; pectoral and ventral fins acute, pectoral fins considerably shorter than ventral fins, contained about 6¼ times in the length of the body, reaching the ventral fins; ventral fins contained about 5 times in the length of the body, not reaching the anal fin; anal fin acute, emarginate, much lower than dorsal fin but much less than twice as low, about twice as high as base length, the simple third ray medium-sized, bony only for the basal half; caudal fin scaled only at the base, with a deep incision, lobes acute, contained about 3⅘ times in the length of the body. Colour: upper part of the body faintly green, lower 374 part silver; iris yellow, upper part dark; scales on the upper part of the body bordered with gold; tail with a round, blackish-violet spot in the lateral line close to the base of the caudal fin; fins faintly pink, dorsal and caudal fins with a darkish border and more or less speckled with dark.


	B. 3. D. 4/8 or 4/9. P. 1/15 or 1/16. V. 2/9. A. 3/5 or 3/6. C. 7/17/7, short flanking ones included.
	Hab.	Borneo (Pontianak), in rivers.
	Length of sole specimen 97’’’.

Remark. I received my single specimen of the here described species some years ago from Pontianak. It has a large resemblance with Siaja siaja, however can easily be separated from it by a higher body, extremely thin and small lip barbels, 2 scales less in a longitudinal row, relatively very large pelvic fins, the formula of the pharyngeal teeth and very thin and sort barbels.

Cyclocheilichthys (Siaja) siaja Blkr. – Tweedradige Kringlipkarper [Two-barbelled Circle-lip carp].

Atl. Cypr. XXXIX fig. 3.

Fig. 97. Cyclocheilichthys (Siaja) siaja Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XXIX, Fig. 3. TL figure 189 mm.

A Cyclocheilichthys (Siaja) with an oblong, compressed body, depth of body contained 4⅓ to nearly 4 times in its length, width contained 2 to 2⅔ times in its depth. Head acute, contained 4⅖ to 4¾ times in length of body with caudal fin, 3⅖ to 3¾ times in length of body without caudal fin; depth of head contained 1½ times in its length, width about twice; eye diameter contained about 3 times in the length of the head, distance between the eyes ¾ times to once their diameter; palpebral membrane covering the external margin of the iris only, opening nearly circular; snout acute, convex, slightly shorter than the eye, not or hardly sticking out in front of the mouth; nostrils much closer to the orbit than to the tip of the snout; rostro-dorsal profile between snout and nape slightly concave, convex on the nape; interorbital line nearly straight or slightly concave; anterior suborbital bone oblong, length much less than twice as great as depth, posterior margin nearly vertical, rounded at the underside, tip acute, pointing forward, lower half traversed by a longitudinal, nearly horizontal crest; 2nd suborbital bone oblong-quadrangular, more than twice as low as first suborbital bone; upper jaw longer than lower jaw, strongly vertically downward protrusable, ending anterior to the eye, contained 3⅓ to 3⅗ times in the length of the head; gape slightly oblique; barbels thin, about twice as short as the eye; lower jaw at the symphysis with a conical, obtuse, short tubercle, underside without visible pores; lips medium-sized, terete, transversely rugose; width of gill cover contained 1¾ to 2 times in its depth, lower margin nearly straight or slightly convex; gill opening nearly vertical, ending below the posterior margin of the preoperculum. Pharyngeal teeth hooked to spoon-shaped, 2.3.5/5.3.2; scapula triangular, at the tip slightly acutely rounded; back elevated, angular, much higher than belly; belly flat anterior to ventral fins, angular at the flanks, behind ventral fins rounded, not ridged; depth of tail contained slightly over twice to 2⅓ times in the length of the head; scales in younger animals not or hardly striped, in old animals on the free half and often also on the basal half with slightly ray-like longitudinal stripes, 37 scales in the lateral line, 13 in a transverse row (without the lowest ventral scales) of which 7 (6½) above the lateral line, 14 or 15 in a longitudinal row between occiput and dorsal fin, scales on the lowest part of the belly in three longitudinal rows, scales in medial row gradually increasing in size posteriorly, posterior scales in this row larger than those in flanking rows; lateral line nearly straight, sloping downward only anteriorly, not reaching rostro-caudal line, each scale marked by a simple, short tube not reaching the centre of the scale; dorsal fin starting above the base of the ventral fins, acute, emarginate, slightly or hardly lower than the body, much less than twice to nearly twice as high as base length, spine very thick, posteriorly armed with large teeth, with the flexible part in younger animals 375 shorter than the head, in old animals longer than the head; pectoral and ventral fins acute, nearly equal in length, contained 6¼ to 7 times in the length of the body, pectoral fins reaching or nearly reaching the ventral fins, ventral fins not reaching the anal fin; anal fin acute, emarginate, much lower than the dorsal fin but much less than twice as low, nearly twice to twice as high as base length, the simple third ray bony only for the basal half; caudal fin scaled only at the base, with a deep incision, lobes acute, contained slightly over 4 to 4¼ times in the length of the body. Colour: upper part of the body green, lower part silver; cheeks and snout with numerous transverse, very thin red stripes; iris yellow, upper part dark; suprascapular region often with an oblong violet-black spot; tail generally with a round black spot in the lateral line, close to the base of the caudal fin; scales on back, flanks and tail each with a black, transverse triangular or crescent-shaped black-violet spot; pectoral fins yellowish or pink, other fins pink or red, dorsal and caudal membranes generally more or less speckled with dark or blackish spots.


	B. 3. D. 4/8 or 4/9. P. 1/18. V. 2/9. A. 3/5 or 3/6. C. 8/17/8 or 7/17/7, short flanking ones included.
	Syn.	Capoëta enoplos Blkr, Vijfde bijdr. ichth. Borneo, Nat. T. Ned. Ind. II p. 431.
		Capoëta siaja Blkr, Vijfde bijdr. ichth. Borneo, Nat. T. Ned. Ind. II p. 432.
		Siaja Mal. Sum.
	Hab.	Borneo (Sambas, Pontianak), in rivers.
		Sumatra (Padang, Solok, Meninju, Sinkara), in rivers and lakes.
	Length of 8 specimens 97’’’ to 198’’’.

Remark. Capoëta siaja, which I earlier took for a proper species and only briefly mentioned at the cited place, since then, after having received several specimens of different size, has appeared to be the same species as Capoëta enoplos. The shoulder spot and the tail spot are missing in some specimens, probably as a result of a less well state of preservation. I have used the sweet-sounding inland name of the species as subgeneric one and also retained it as specific name, because the name enoplos already has been given to a species of the subgenus Cyclocheilichthys. Cyclocheilichthys (Siaja) siaja possesses again the entire type of the genus, of which only Cyclocheilichthys (Siaja) microlepis forms an exception by its multi-rayed dorsal fin. It is characterized by its 37 scales in the lateral line, by its relatively short pelvic fins, which go 6¼ to 7 times in the length of the body and by the height of the body itself, which goes almost 4 to 4⅓ in its length, and by the length of its barbels.

Cyclocheilichthys (Siaja) Deventeri Blkr. – Van Deventer’s Circle-lip carp.

Atl. Cypr. Tab. XXVII fig. 1.

Fig. 98. Cyclocheilichthys (Siaja) Deventeri Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XXXVII, Fig. 3. TL figure 100 mm.

A Cyclocheilichthys (Siaja) with an oblong, compressed body, depth of body contained 3¾ times in its length, width contained about 2⅔ times in its depth. Head slightly acute, contained slightly over 5 times in length of body with caudal fin, 3¾ times in length of body without caudal fin; depth of head contained 1⅓ to 1¼ times in its length, width about twice; eye diameter contained about 3 times in the length of the head, distance between the eyes nearly once their diameter; palpebral membrane covering the external margin of the iris only, opening nearly circular; snout slightly acute, convex, shorter than the eye, not sticking out in front of the mouth; nostrils closer to the orbit than to the tip of the snout; rostro-dorsal profile slightly concave between snout and nape, convex on the nape; interorbital line 376 slightly convex; anterior suborbital bone oblong-triangular, length less than twice as great as depth, posterior margin nearly vertical, lower margin nearly horizontal, tip acute, pointing forward, lower half traversed by a longitudinal, not branched crest, close to the lower margin of the bone; 2nd suborbital bone elongate-quadrangular, more than twice as low as the 1st suborbital bone; upper jaw longer than lower jaw, strongly downward protrusable, ending below the anterior margin of the eye or hardly anterior to the eye, contained about 3½ times in the length of the head; gape rather oblique; barbels thin, slightly shorter than the eye; lower jaw at the symphysis with an obtuse, hardly visible tubercle, underside without visible pores; lips medium-sized, terete; width of gill cover contained about 1¾ times in its depth, lower margin nearly straight; gill opening ending below the posterior part of the preoperculum. Pharyngeal teeth hooked to grinding 2.3.5/5.3.2 (?); scapula triangular, obtusely rounded; back elevated, angular, much higher than the belly; belly flat anterior to ventral fins, angular at the flanks, behind ventral fins ridged; depth of tail contained about twice in the length of the head; several scales on the basal and free half with longitudinal ray-like stripes originating from a common centre, about 34 scales in the lateral line, 11 or 12 in a transverse row (without the lowest ventral scales) of which 6 (5½) above the lateral line, about 12 in a longitudinal row between occiput and dorsal fin; lateral line straight, sloping downward only anteriorly, not descending below the rostro-caudal line, each scale marked by a simple tube generally reaching the centre of the scale; dorsal fin starting slightly behind the base of the ventral fins, acute, emarginate, slightly lower than the body, not much less than twice as high as base length, spine medium-sized, posteriorly serrated with well visible teeth, with the flexible part longer than the head; pectoral and ventral fins acute, nearly equal in length, contained about 6 times in the length of the body, pectoral fins reaching the ventral fins, ventral fins not reaching the anal fin; anal fin acute, lightly emarginate, nearly twice as low as dorsal fin, not much higher than base length, the simple third ray slender, bony only at the base; caudal fin scaled only at the base, with a deep incision, lobes acute, contained about 4 times in the length of the body. Colour: upper part of the body green, lower part silver; iris yellow; several scales on back, flanks and tail with a transverse, thin band at the base, consisting of dark speckles; tail with a diffuse, round, blue-violet spot in the lateral line, close to the base of the caudal fin; fins orange-yellow or pink, dorsal and caudal fin bordered with dark speckles.


	B. 3. D. 4/8 or 4/9. P. 1/12. V. 2/9. A. 3/5 or 3/6. C. 7/17/7 or 8/17/8, short flanking ones included.
	Syn.	Capoëta Deventeri Blkr, Verslag verzam. visschs. Oost-Java, Nat. T. Ned. Ind. IX p. 413.
	Hab.	Java (Grati), in the lake.
	Length of sole specimen 113’’’.

Remark. I am not completely sure about the numbers of the lower pharyngeal bone teeth of this species. During a more detailed investigation of these teeth in my single specimen I have counted only 3.4/4.3, however I can see the traces of sockets of teeth that have dropped out, without being able to give their numbers.

Siaja Deventeri has much in common with Siaja siaja and Siaja macropus, but it easy recognizable by the position of the dorsal fin entirely behind the basis of the pelvic fins and by the presence of only 6 longitudinal scale rows above the lateral line.

The only known catch locality of this species is the lake of Grati, in East Java, from where I received my specimen by the benevolence of Mr S. van Deventer, now Inspector of Finance, after which I have named this species.

377 Cyclocheilichthys (Siaja) heteronema Blkr. – Franjedradige Kringlipkarper [Fringe-barbeled Circle-lip Carp].

Atl. Cypr. Tab. XXIX fig. 1.

Fig. 99. Cyclocheilichthys (Siaja) heteronema Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XXIX, Fig. 1. TL figure 110 mm.

A Cyclocheilichthys (Siaja) with an oblong, compressed body, depth of body contained 3¾ to 3⅔ times in its length, width contained 2¼ to 3⅓ times in its depth. Head slightly obtuse, contained nearly 5 times in length of body with caudal fin, 3⅗ to 3½ times in length of body without caudal fin; depth of head contained about 1⅖ times, width contained about 1¾ times in its length; eye diameter contained about 2½ times in the length of the head, eye diameter contained once in the postocular part of the head, distance between the eyes about ⅔ times their diameter; palpebral membrane covering the external margin of the iris only, opening nearly circular; snout obtuse, strongly convex, shorter than the eye, hardly sticking out in front of the mouth; nostrils closer to the orbit than to the tip of the snout; rostro-dorsal profile between forehead and nape slightly concave, convex on the nape; anterior suborbital bone pentagonal, depth hardly or not greater than length, lower margin horizontal, anterior and posterior lower margins short, convex or truncate, upper margins nearly straight or slightly concave, united into an acute, upward pointing angle close to the nostrils, lower half traversed by a longitudinal, horizontal crest, parallel to the lower margin of the bone; 2nd suborbital bone elongate-quadrangular, length more than twice as great as depth, about twice as low as 1st suborbital bone; upper jaw longer than lower jaw, strongly vertically downward protrusable, ending below the anterior rim of the eye, contained slightly over 3 times in the length of the head; gape slightly oblique; barbels fleshy at the base, thick, divided into 7 to 9 threads, threads partly united at the base, unequal in length, longest threads hardly or not shorter than the eye; lower jaw at the symphysis with a conical, conspicuous tubercle, underside without visible pores; lips thin, terete, not conspicuously rugose; width of gill cover contained 1¾ to nearly 2 times in its depth, lower margin nearly straight or slightly concave; gill opening ending below the posterior margin of the preoperculum. Pharyngeal teeth hooked to spoon-shaped, 1.2.4/4.2.1; scapula triangular, tip acutely rounded; back elevated, angular, much higher than the belly; belly flat anterior to ventral fins, angular at the flanks, behind ventral fins ridged; depth of tail contained about twice in the length of the head; several scales on the free half with generally sparse slightly ray-like stripes, basal half not striped; 35 scales in the lateral line, 12 in a transverse row (without the lowest ventral scales) of which 6 (5½) above the lateral line, 13 or 14 in a longitudinal row between occiput and dorsal fin, lowest ventral scales in three longitudinal rows, scales in medial row gradually increasing in size posteriorly, posterior scales in this row not or hardly larger than those in flanking rows; lateral line hardly curved, not reaching rostro-caudal line, each scale marked by a simple tube reaching or surpassing the centre of the scale; dorsal fin starting above the base of the ventral fins, acute, emarginate, slightly lower than the body, nearly twice as high as base length, spine thick, posteriorly serrated with large teeth, with the flexible part not much longer than the head; pectoral and ventral fins acute, pectoral fins slightly longer than ventral fins, contained about 6 times in the length of the body, reaching the ventral fins; ventral fins reaching or nearly reaching the anal fin; anal fin acute, emarginate, much lower but much less than twice as low as dorsal fin, not much higher than base length, the simple third ray thin, nearly totally cartilaginous; caudal fin scaled only at the base, with a deep incision, lobes acute, contained 3½ to 3⅔ times in the length of the body. Colour: upper part of the body green, lower part silver; iris yellow, upper part dark; fins pink-orange or red, caudal fin bordered with dark speckles.


	B. 3. D. 4/8 or 4/9. P. 1/16. V. 2/9. A. 3/5 or 3/6. C. 7/17/7, short flanking ones included.
	Syn.	Barbus heteronema Blkr, Zevende bijdr. ichth. Borneo, Nat. T. Ned. Ind. V. p. 446
	Hab.	Borneo (Sambas), in rivers.
	Length of 2 specimens 108’’’ and 114’’’.

Remark. A more detailed investigation of my specimens has made me realise, 378 that the snout barbels in this species do not exist as I believed earlier. What I have taken as such in one of my specimens, now seems to me to be a torn thread-like piece of skin. On the right side of the same specimen, where the skin is entire, I can not perceive any trace of a snout barbel, no more than in the other specimen. The species is very peculiar because of its multibranched upper jaw barbels, a structure, which, as far as is known to me, has not been found in any other fish in the family of Cyprinoids. It exhibits still another peculiarity, which I can not find in any other species of Cyclocheilichthys. In all other species namely, both lower jaw bones have a concave lower edge, leaving an elongate oval space in between them. As those bones posteriorly approach each other closely and are united at the sympyses. In Siaja heteronema that oval space does not exist, as the lower jaw bones are not concave, and are closely aligned along their entire length.

As otherwise the species is entirely build after the type of Cyclocheilichthys, I do not believe that in these peculiarities in the structure of the lower jaw and the barbels a motive should be sought to raise it to a proper genus.

Cyclocheilichthys (Anemathichthys) apogon Blkr. – Baardelooze Kringlipkarper [Beardless Circle-lip carp].

Atl. Cypr. Tab. XXIX fig. 2.

Fig. 100. Cyclocheilichthys (Anemathichthys) apogon Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XXIX, Fig. 2. TL figure 206 mm.

A Cyclocheilichthys (Anematichthys) with an oblong, compressed body, depth of body contained 3⅕ to 3⅖ times in its length, width contained 2½ to 2⅔ times in its depth. Head acute, contained 4¾ to 4¼ times in length of body with caudal fin, 3½ to 3⅓ times in length of body without caudal fin; depth of head contained 1¼ to 1⅖ times, width contained about twice in its length; eye diameter contained nearly 3 to 3½ times in the length of the head, distance between the eyes nearly once to 1¼ times the eye diameter; palpebral membrane covering the external margin of the iris only, opening nearly circular; snout slightly acute, convex, in younger fishes shorter than the eye, in adults shorter than the eye, not sticking out in front of the mouth; nostrils much closer to the orbit than to the tip of the snout; rostro-dorsal profile between snout and nape concave, convex at the nape; interorbital line slightly concave; anterior suborbital bone oblong-triangular, posterior margin shorter, vertical, tip acute, pointing forward; 2nd suborbital bone slender, oblong-quadrangular, twice or more than twice as low as anterior suborbital bone; upper jaw longer than lower jaw, strongly nearly vertically downward protrusable, ending hardly anterior to the eye, contained slightly over 3 times to 3 times in the length of the head; gape slightly oblique; lower jaw with a tubular, conical, short, obtuse symphysis, the lower part without visible pores; lips medium-sized, terete, transversely rugose; width of gill cover contained 1⅗ times to 2 times in its height, lower margin nearly straight or slightly convex; branchial opening nearly vertical, ending below the posterior margin of the preoperculum. Pharyngeal teeth hooked to spoon-shaped 2.3.4/4.3.2; scapula triangular, obtuse, with a rounded angle; back strongly elevated, angular, much deeper than belly; belly flat anterior to ventral fins, angular at the flanks, behind ventral fins ridged; depth of tail contained twice to nearly twice in the length of the head; scales with ray-like stripes on the free half and the basal half; 34 or 35 scales in the lateral line, 12 or 13 in a transverse row except the lowest ventral scales of which 7 (6½) above the lateral line, 15 in a longitudinal row between the occiput and the dorsal fin, lowest ventral scales in three longitudinal rows, scales in medial row except the posterior ones smaller than those 379 in flanking rows; lateral line nearly straight, sloping downward only anteriorly, not reaching the rostro-caudal line, each scale marked by a short, undivided tube generally not reaching the centre of the scale; dorsal fin starting slightly behind the base of the ventral fins, acute, emarginate, considerably lower than the body, twice to nearly twice as deep as base length, spine robust, armed with large teeth posteriorly, with its flexible part not or not much longer than the head; pectoral and ventral fins acute, nearly equal in length, contained 5⅓ to 6 times in the length of the body, pectoral fins reaching or surpassing the base of the ventral fins; ventral fins not reaching anal fin; anal fin acute, emarginate, much lower but much less than twice as low as dorsal fin, not much deeper than its base length, its undivided third ray bony only for the basal half; caudal fin scaled only at the base, with a deep incision, lobes acute, contained 3½ to 4 times in the length of the body. Colour: upper part green, lower part silver; snout and forehead olive or violetish; cheeks generally with numerous very thin, vertical, slightly wavy parallel red stripes; iris yellow; scales on back, flanks and tail nearly all with a transverse, triangular spot, crescent shaped or oblong-quadrangular, black; tail in younger fishes and generally also in adults with a round, black spot in the lateral line, close to the base of the caudal fins; fins red or pink, on the upper part of the dorsal fin, the posterior part of the caudal fin and the lower part of the anal fin generally more or less speckled with dark.


	B. 3. D. 4/8 or 4/9. P. 1/16. V. 2/9. A. 3/5 or 3/6. C. 7/17/7, short flanking ones included.
	Syn.	Barbus apogon Kuhl name, Val., Poiss. XVI p. 299.
		Systomus apogon Val., Poiss. XVI p. 299; Blkr, Zesde bijdr. ichth. Borneo, Nat. T. Ned. Ind. III p. 428.
		Redang Sundan.; Lawak, Lalawak Mal. Batav.
	Hab.	Java (Batavia, Bekassi, Buitenzorg), in rivers.
		Borneo (Prabukarta, Sambas), in rivers.
		Sumatra (Palembang, Lahat, Solok), in rivers.
		Banka (Toboali, Marawang), in rivers.
	Length of 13 specimens 81’’’ to 210’’’.

Remark. The species in question was already known to Kuhl and Van Hasselt, however it was first described at the above mentioned place by Mr Valenciennes on the basis of specimens sent by Kuhl and Van Hasselt. However this description leaves to be desired and is erroneous with regard to the formula of the fin rays (D. 2/10. P. 12. V. 9. A. 7 C. 20). In a fresh condition it is easily recognizable by the square black spots at the basis of each scale. Java feeds a closely related species in which the scale spots are crescent-shaped and it moreover differs by a remarkably smaller head, a more slender dorsal fin spine and with regard to the higher tail relative to the head length.

Cyclocheilichthys (Anemathichthys) apogon is not rare on Java and because I also received it from Borneo, Banka and Sumatra, it seems to be one of the most widely distributed species of its genus. On Java and Sumatra it is found rather high in the highlands (Buitenzorg, Solok).

Cyclocheilichthys (Anemathichthys) apogonoides Blkr. – Javasche Kringlipkarper [Javanese Circle-lip Carp].

Atl. Cypr. Tab. XXX fig. 3.

Fig. 101. Cyclocheilichthys (Anemathichthys) apogonoides Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XXX, Fig. 3. TL figure

A Cyclocheilichthys (Anematichthys) with an oblong, compressed body, depth of body contained 4 to 3⅓ times in its length, 380 width contained 2½ to 3 times in its depth. Head acute, contained 4⅘ to 5¼ times in length of body with caudal fin, 3½ to 4 times in length of body without caudal fin; depth of head contained 1⅓ to 1⅖ times, width contained twice to nearly twice in its length; eye diameter contained 3 to 3⅓ times in the length of the head, distance between the eyes once to slightly more than once the eye diameter; palpebral membrane covering the external margin of the iris only, opening nearly circular; snout slightly acutely convex, in younger and old animals shorter than the eye, not sticking out in front of the mouth; nostrils much closer to the orbit than to the tip of the snout; rostro-dorsal profile concave between snout and nape, convex on the nape; interorbital line nearly straight ; anterior suborbital bone oblong-triangular, posterior margin shorter, vertical, tip acute, pointing forward, length much less than twice as great as depth; 2nd suborbital bone thin, oblong-quadrangular, twice or more than twice as low as anterior suborbital bone; upper jaw longer than lower jaw, strongly vertically downward protrusable, ending hardly anterior to the eye or below the anterior margin of the eye, contained slightly over 3 times to 3⅖ times in the length of the head; gape rather oblique; lower jaw at the symphysis with a conical, short, obtuse tubercle, the lower part without visible pores; lips medium-sized, terete, transversely rugose; width of gill cover contained twice to 1¾ times in its height, lower margin nearly straight; gill opening nearly vertical, ending below the posterior margin of the preoperculum. Pharyngeal teeth hooked to spoon-shaped, 2.3.4/4.3.2. or 1.3.4/4.3.2; scapula triangular, obtuse, with a rounded angle; back strongly elevated, angular, much higher than the belly; belly flat anterior to ventral fins, angular at the flanks, ridged behind ventral fins; depth of tail contained 1¾ to 1⅘ times in the length of the head; scales on the free half and generally also on the basal half with ray-like stripes; 36 scales in the lateral line, 13 in a transverse row (without the lowest ventral scales) of which 7 (6½) above the lateral line, 15 in a longitudinal row between occiput and dorsal fin, scales on the lowest part of the belly in three longitudinal rows, scales in medial row gradually increasing in size posteriorly, posterior scales larger than those in flanking rows; lateral line nearly straight, sloping downward only anteriorly, not reaching the rostro-caudal line, each scale marked by a short, simple tube generally not reaching the centre of the scale; dorsal fin starting behind the base of the ventral fins, acute, emarginate, considerably lower than the body, nearly twice to twice as deep as base length, spine thick, posteriorly armed with large teeth, with the flexible part slightly longer or not longer than the head; pectoral and ventral fins acute, nearly equal in length, contained 5½ to 6 times in the length of the body, pectoral fins reaching the base of the ventral fins or slightly surpassing them; ventral fins not reaching the anal fin; anal fin acute, emarginate, much lower than dorsal fin but much less than twice as low, not much higher than base length, the simple third ray bony only for the basal half; caudal fin scaled only at the base, with a deep incision, lobes acute, contained 3⅔ to 4¼ times in the length of the body. Colour: upper part of the body green, lower part silver; iris yellow; scales on back, flanks and tail generally nearly all with a stripe on the base or an oblong, thin, transverse, dark spot; tail in younger animals and generally also in old animals with a round, blackish spot in the lateral line, close to the base of the caudal fin; fins pink, of uneven colour, generally more or less speckled with dark.


	B. 3. D. 4/8 or 4/9. P. 4/14. V. 2/9. A. 3/5 or 3/6. C. 7/17/7, short flanking ones included.
	Syn.	Systomus apogonides Blkr, Verslag verzam. vissch. Oost-Java, Nat. T. Ned. Ind. IX p. 410.
		Lawak, Lalawak Mal. Bat.; Tjorendjang Sund.
	Hab.	Java (Batavia, Bekassi, Pandjallu, Ngawi, Surabaya, Pasuruan), in rivers.
	Length of 71 specimens 82’’’ to 176’’’.

Remark. I have named this species “apogonoides” for its close relationship with Cyclocheilichthys (Anemathichthys) apogon. Complete series of specimens of various sizes of both species have enabled me to determine the specific differences with certainty. They are principally found in the relatively much smaller head in the species in question; in 381 the larger height of the tail relative to the head; in the remarkably more slender dorsal fin spine, and the more crescent-shaped than square scale spot, whereas moreover in this case specific meaning can be attached to the smaller number of pectoral fin rays. Moreover in older specimens the snout remains shorter than the eye, which is not the case in Anematichthys apogon. It also does not seem to become as large as the latter species.

The species seems to be found often in the river Tjitarum (Krawang) and to be spread all over Java, till rather high in the highlands (lake of Pandjalloe). I have not received it from outside Java.

Cyclocheilichthys (Anemathichthys) janthochir Blkr. – Violethandige Kringlipkarper [Violet-handed Circle-lip Carp].

Atl. Cypr. Tab. XXVIII fig. 3.

Fig. 102. Cyclocheilichthys (Anemathichthys) janthochir Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XXXI, Fig. 3. TL figure 194 mm.

A Cyclocheilichthys (Anematichthys) with an oblong, compressed body, depth of body contained about 4⅓ times in its length, width contained 2⅓ to 2¼ times in its depth. Head acute, contained nearly 5 times in length of body with caudal fin, 3⅔ to 3⅘ times in length of body without caudal fin; depth of head contained 1⅗ times in its length, width about twice; eye diameter contained about 3⅓ times in the length of the head, distance between the eyes about once the eye diameter; palpebral membrane covering the external margin of the iris only, opening nearly circular; snout slightly acutely convex, hardly or not longer than the eye, not sticking out in front of the mouth; nostrils much closer to the orbit than to the tip of the snout; rostro-dorsal profile between snout and nape slightly concave, convex on the nape; interorbital line nearly straight or slightly concave; anterior suborbital bone oblong-triangular, length nearly twice as great as depth, posterior margin vertical, tip acute, pointing forward; 2nd suborbital bone thin, oblong-quadrangular, twice or more than twice as low as anterior suborbital bone; upper jaw longer than lower jaw, strongly nearly vertically downward protrusable, ending anterior to the eye, contained 3½ to 3⅔ times in the length of the head; gape slightly oblique; lower jaw at the symphysis with a conical, short, obtuse tubercle, underside without visible pores; lips medium sized, terete, transversely rugose; width of gill cover contained 1⅔ to 1¾ times in its depth, lower margin nearly straight; gill opening nearly vertical, ending below the posterior margin of the preoperculum. Pharyngeal teeth hooked to spoon-shaped, 2.3.4/4.3.2; scapula obtuse, obliquely truncate posteriorly; back elevated, angular, much higher than the belly; belly flat anterior to ventral fins, slightly angular at the flanks, behind ventral fins rounded, not ridged; depth of tail contained 2¼ to 2⅓ times in the length of the head; scales on the free half with slightly ray-like longitudinal stripes; 35 scales in the lateral line, 12 or 13 in a transverse row (without the lowest ventral scales) of which 7 (6½) above the lateral line, 15 in a longitudinal row between occiput and dorsal fin, scales on the lowest part of the belly in three longitudinal rows, scales in medial row not larger than those in flanking rows; lateral line nearly straight, sloping downward only anteriorly, not reaching the rostro-caudal line, each scale marked by a simple tube generally reaching the centre of the scale; dorsal fin starting above the base of the ventral fins, acute, emarginate, slightly lower than the body, much higher than base length but much less than twice as high, spine rather thick, posteriorly armed with very conspicuous teeth, with the flexible part not or hardly longer than the head; pectoral and ventral fins acute, nearly equal in length, contained slightly over 6 times to 6⅓ times in the length of the body, pectoral fins reaching or nearly reaching ventral fins, ventral fins not reaching the anal fin; anal fin acute, emarginate, much lower than dorsal fin but much less than twice as low, about twice as high as base length, the simple third ray bony only for the basal half; caudal fin 382 scaled only at the base, with a deep incision, lobes acute, contained 4¼ to 4⅕ times in the length of the body. Colour: upper part of the body green, lower part silver; iris yellow; cheeks with numerous, densely packed, vertical, very thin, reddish stripes; snout and forehead deeply olive; thin oculo-caudal black-violet band in the lateral line; scales on back, flanks and tail all with a crescent-shaped, transverse, violetish stripe; dorsal and caudal fin pink or carmine-red with a broad, blackish border, anterior part of dorsal fin with a large, diffuse, trigonal deeply violet spot; pectoral fins violetish, ventral and anal fins pearly or yellowish.


	B. 3. D. 4/8 or 4/9. P. 1/16 or 1/17. V. 2/9. A. 3/5 or 3/6. C. 7/17/7 or 6/16/6, short flanking ones included.
	Syn.	Systomus janthochir Blkr, Zevende bijdr. ichth. Borneo, Nat. T. Ned. Ind. V p. 448.
	Hab.	Borneo (Pontianak), in rivers.
	Length of 2 specimens 195’’’ and 202’’’.

Remark. Of both remaining species of Anematichthys, the species in question is already easily recognizable by is more slender body and because the dorsal fin begins above and not behind the pelvic fins. The recognition moreover is still made easier by remarkably more slender tail relative to the head length, by the black longitudinal body stripe, the broad black dorsal fin and caudal fin edges, and the violet pectoral fins.

As far as the present knowledge reaches, this species is proper to West Borneo, where it inhabits the Kapuas.

Barbus Cuv., Regn. anim. ed. 1a II p. 192; Heck., Fisch. Syriens p. 27; McCl., Ind Cyprin. Asiat. Research. XIX p. 26. – Barbel.

Body oblong or elongate, compressed, covered with medium-sized scales, back slightly or moderately angular. Jaws enclosed in terete, fleshy lips, upper jaw downward protrusable. Barbels 4, nasal and upper jaw barbels. Snout more or less prominent. Mouth inferior or slightly inferior, gape not oblique or slightly oblique, ending anterior to the eye, mouth in shape reminding of a horse shoe when the mouth is closed. Single postlabial groove, parallel to the free margin of the jaw following the shape of the gape. Anal sheath without larger scales. Dorsal fin starting above or anterior to ventral fins and ending far anterior to anal fin, no scaled sheath at the base, posterior undivided ray bony, dentate. Anal fin shorter than dorsal fin. Pharyngeal teeth spoon-shaped, on each side 7 to 10 in three rows.

Remark. As the genus Barbus is defined above, the species placed in this work in Labeobarbus, Cyclocheilichthys and Systomus are excluded from it. 383 All species from the Indian Archipelago, which were mentioned by earlier writers and also earlier by myself, as species of Barbus, partly belong to the mentioned genera, partly to Leptobarbus, Luciosoma and Barbichthys.

I do not know this genus from nature, but further studies are needed to determine it with more certainty than is possible with the present data.

Labeobarbus Rupp., Neue Nachtr. Beschreib. U. Abbild. Neuer Fische im Nil entdeckt 1835 p. 14. – Lip barbel.

Body oblong or elongate, compressed, covered with large scales, back slightly or moderately angular. Jaws sometimes enclosed in terete, sometimes lobed, lips, upper jaw strongly downward protrusable. Barbels 4, nasal and upper jaw barbels. Snout more or less prominent. Mouth inferior or slightly inferior, gape not or hardly oblique, ending anterior to the eye, closed mouth reminding of the shape of a horse shoe. Single postlabial groove parallel to the free margin of the jaw following the shape of the gape. Anal sheath not covered with larger scales. Dorsal fin starting above or anterior to ventral fins and ending far anterior to anal fin, posterior simple ray without teeth. Ventral fins with rays 2/8. Anal fin shorter than dorsal fin. Pharyngeal teeth spoon-shaped or slightly spoon-shaped, on each side 7 to 10 in three rows.

Remark. As the genus Barbus was erected by Cuvier, it comprised the four barbelled species of various genera that have been erected since. Of those genera, the genera of the Phalacrognathines Opistocheilus Blkr, Schizopyge Heck. and Oreinus McCl. and the genera of the Cheilognathines, Schizothorax Heck., Racoma McCl., Aulopyge Heck. and Hypselobarbus Blkr. could easily and by sharp characters be separated from Barbus Cuv.

It was more difficult after the separation of these genera to arrange the very numerous remaining species of Barbus Cuv. The many varieties in shape in numerous species was bound to lead to an attempt to arrange them under different genera. However, in order to test these splittings successfully the availability of all those shape varieties was necessary and a basic study of the more or less accurately described species of the various writers, a study for which the first condition was that all species would be carefully examined for all characters of any importance. Among those characters I count the lip structure, the shape and extension of the posterior lip groove, the 384 shape of the anterior suborbital bone, the being scaled or not of the basis of the dorsal fin, the extend of the gill opening, the shape and formula of the pharyngeal bones etc.

However, when one cannot examine the species from nature, one remains completely in uncertainty concerning this for many species described and depicted by excellent ichthyologists and one also wonders whether the figures given by them in which the dorsal fin bases are depicted scaleless, indeed represent nature or not.

Mr Rüppell raised to a proper genus those Barbels in which the lower lip is lobe-like extended. But if the genus Labeobarbus would only be distinguished from Barbus by the lower lip lobe, it would not be acceptable, as that lobe in various species exhibits all degrees of development, so that one can hardly distinguish a trace of it in some.

Heckel has separated still other species from Barbus Cuv. under the generic name Luciobarbus, based on the insignificant difference in the number of pharyngeal teeth and a more pointed snout than the common species of Barbus. If this genus cannot be defined in a more natural and sharper way, it is no more tenable than Labeobarbus, according to the definition of Mr Rüppell.

The species of this genus, placed by recent ichthyologists in Barbus, Labeobarbus and Luciobarbus therefore are in need of a revision.

I was unable to proceed with this, as I am entirely restricted to my own collection, which, except for one Bengalese species, only contains archipelagic species.

However, the study of these species has induced me to place a large number of species till now arranged under Barbus in Systomus, whereas I placed a number of other species with the addition of some related ones with only two and without barbels in the genus Cyclochelichthys.

I was able to determine sharply the characters of this genus, but the not being available of a sufficient series of the numerous shape varieties of Barbus Cuv. puts me out of the possibility to describe with sufficient sharpness the borders of Barbus proper or possibly other genera that could be separated from it. Therefore I have only provisionally accepted the genus Labeobarbus Rüppell, but restricted it to those species in which the posteriormost dorsal fin spine is not serrated. When studied from nature, maybe one will find that Labeobarbus thus defined is liable for further splitting according to absence of presence of a scale sheath at the dorsal fin basis, etc.

This scale sheath in all my species is clearly developed, but judging from the existing figures, seems 385 to be lacking in various species from the continent.

My collection contains only four species that I can place in Labeobarbus, based on the foregoing contemplations. Three of these species have become known by Mr Valenciennes under the names Barbus tambra, Barbus soro and Barbus douronensis, whereas the fourth was first described by me under the name of Labeobarbus tambroides. On Java they are very common Lip Carps, which are also kept in ponds and there can reach a high age, as the native inhabitants takes care of their feeding and do not dare to remove them from the ponds because of a superstitious respect. All these species can be placed in the genus Labeobarbus as defined by Mr Rüppell, but the differences on lobe shape of the lower lip shows that this genus cannot be based on this character only, as the lower lip lobe is already hardly visible in Barbus douronensis, and in Barbus soro the lower lip simply is wrapped downwards or backwards over its entire width without showing a separate lobe. For the rest those four species are extremely closely related. All of them have the dorsal fin spine well developed, but without any trace of teeth, the dorsal fin base covered by a rather high scale sheath, very large scales of which only 21 to 28 go in the lateral line and only 4 above the lateral line, the anterior suborbital bone obliquely square or pentagonal, the gill covers radial-like finely ribbed, the anal fin not or little noticeably concave and with 5 or 6 branched rays, the pelvic fins with 8 branched rays, the posterior lip groove going round the entire jaw edge and the pharyngeal teeth with wrinkly knobby masticating surfaces.

My species have a large relationship with some South Asiatic species, which with a similar general shape and an almost equal scale formula, show the same differences regarding the more or less lobe shaped elongation of the lower lip and of which some reach a length of 5 or 6 foot. These species are Labeobarbus macrolepis Heck., Barbus tor Val., Barbus megalepis McCl., Barbus progeneius McCl., Barbus putitora McCl., Barbus hexagonolepis McCl., Barbus macrocephalus McCl. Till now the species, with the exception of Barbus macrolepis Heck., have been made known too little, notwithstanding the fact that all of them have been depicted, and for this reason the correct differentiation of these and the archipelagic species is somewhat hampered. However, it seems to me that my four species can be sufficiently distinguished from the aforementioned ones and all others of the genus with the following scheme


386	I.	Dorsal fin scaled at the base, spine robust, without teeth. Gill cover ray-like rugose. Snout acute or slightly acute.
		A.	21 to 28 scales in the lateral line, 4 above the lateral line.
			a.	Lower lip with a well developed, very conspicuous lobe.
				†	Upper lip prolonged into a lobe. 24 to 26 scales in the lateral line. D. 4/9 or 4/10. P. 1/15 or 1/16. Depth of the body contained 4 to 4⅓ times in its length. Head acute, contained 4¾ to 5¼ times in the length of the body, depth contained 1⅓ to 1¼ times in its length.
Labeobarbus tambroides Blkr.
				†’	Upper lip round, not prolonged. 22 or 23 scales in the lateral line. D 4/8 or 4/9 or 4/10. P. 1/14 to 1/16. Depth of body contained slightly over 4 times to slightly over 5 times in its length. Head contained nearly 5 to 5½ times in the length of the body, depth contained 1⅓ to 1⅖ times in its length.
Labeobarbus tambra Blkr.
			b.	Lower lip with a hardly visible lobe or simply back-sheathed over its total width. Upper lip round, not prolonged. D 4/8 or 4/9 or 4/10. P. 1/14 to 1/16.
				†	Lower lip over the total length simply back-sheathed. 26 to 28 scales in the lateral line. Depth of body contained 4¼ to 5 times in its length. Head contained 5 to 6 times in the length of the body, depth contained 1⅓ to 1¼ times in its length.
Labeobarbus soro Blkr.
				†’	Lower lip with a hardly distinguishable lobe. 21 to 23 scales in the lateral line. Depth of body contained 4¼ to 4⅔ times in its length. Head contained 5½ to nearly 6 times in the length of the body, depth contained 1⅕ to 1⅓ times in its length.
Labeobarbus douronensis Blkr.

Labeobarbus tambroides Blkr, Overz. Ichth. Faun. Sumatra, Nat T. Ned. Ind. VII p. 92. – Tambra-achtige Lipbarbeel [Tambra-like Lip Barbel].

Atl. Cypr. Tab. XXIII.

Fig. 103. Labeobarbus tambroides Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XXIII, TL figure 320 mm.

A Labeobarbus with an oblong, compressed body, depth of body contained 4 to 4⅓ times in its length, width contained about 2 times in its depth. Head acute, not or hardly convex, contained 4¾ to 5¼ times in length of body with caudal fin, 3⅕ to slightly over 4 times in length of body without caudal fin; depth of head contained 1⅓ to 1¼ times, width contained 1¾ to 1⅗ times in its length; eye diameter contained slightly over 3 to 4 times in the length of the head, eye diameter 387 contained 1¼ to 1⅗ times in the postocular part of the head; distance between the eyes once to 1⅘ times their diameter; palpebral membrane covering the external margin of the iris only, broader anteriorly than posteriorly, opening nearly circular; snout acute, in younger animals shorter than the eye, in adults longer than the eye, not sticking out in front of the mouth, nearly straight or slightly convex; nostrils much closer to the orbit than to the tip of the snout; rostro-dorsal profile nearly straight or slightly convex on the head, convex on the nape; anterior suborbital bone obliquely pentagonal, length not or hardly greater than depth, lower margin oblique, convex, anterior and posterior lower margins generally concave, anterior margin oblique, posterior margin nearly vertical, upper margins concave (posterior margin much shorter than anterior margin) united into an acute, forward pointing angle close to the nostrils, traversed around the middle by a longitudinal crest ascending posteriorly; 2nd suborbital bone obliquely quadrangular, much higher anteriorly than posteriorly, length about twice as great as height, about twice as low as 1st suborbital bone; upper jaw longer than lower jaw, strongly vertically downward protrusable, ending below the anterior margin of the eye, contained nearly 3 to slightly over 3 times in the length of the head; gape slightly oblique; barbels thin, upper jaw barbels slightly longer than nasal barbels, slightly longer to considerably longer than the eye; lips very broad, fleshy, transversely striped on the oral surface, upper lip protracted into a lobe which generally is obtusely rounded, lower lip into a lobe, generally longer than that of the upper lip, obtusely or acutely rounded; lower jaw at the symphysis with a conical, obtuse well visible tubercle, underside without visible pores; gill cover ray-like rugose, width contained 1⅔ to 1¾ times in its depth, lower margin nearly straight or slightly convex; gill opening ending below the posterior margin of the preoperculum. Pharyngeal teeth hooked to slightly spoon-shaped to grinding, 2.3.5/5.3.2, on the chewing surface partly rugose-tuberculate; scapula obtusely or slightly acutely rounded, obliquely truncate posteriorly; belly flat anterior to ventral fins, angular at the flanks, behind ventral fins obtusely ridged; back elevated, angular, much higher than the belly; scales on the free half and basal half with slightly ray-like longitudinal stripes; 24 to 26 scales in the lateral line, 9 in a transverse row (without the lowest ventral scales) of which 4 (3½) above the lateral line, 8 or 9 in a longitudinal row between occiput and dorsal fin, lowest ventral scales in three longitudinal rows, middle and posterior scales in medial row nearly equal, larger than anterior scales, but not larger than those in flanking rows; lateral line slightly curved, sloping downward anteriorly, nearly straight posteriorly, not or hardly reaching the rostro-caudal line, each scale marked by a simple tube reaching or not reaching the centre of the scale; dorsal fin starting above the base of the ventral fins, acute, emarginate, hardly lower to considerably lower than the body, twice to much less than twice as high as base length, spine medium-sized, posteriorly totally glabrous, without teeth, with the flexible part slightly longer to considerably longer than the head; pectoral and ventral fins acute, pectoral fins slightly longer than ventral fins, contained 5½ to 6 times in the length of the body, pectoral fins not or hardly reaching the ventral fins, ventral fins not or hardly reaching the anal fin; anal fin acute, in younger animals hardly emarginate, in adults not emarginate, considerably lower to not lower than dorsal fin, more than twice as high as base length, the simple third ray thin, nearly totally cartilaginous; caudal fin scaled only at the base, with a deep incision, lobes acute, nearly equal, contained 3¾ to 4⅓ times in the length of the body. Colour: upper part of the body olive, lower part silver; total body sometimes orange-green; iris yellow, upper part dark; all scales on the body towards the base with a membrane with a metallic copper or violetish splendid conspicuous sheen; fins yellowish or pink or, but more rarely, slightly olive, frequently more or less speckled with dark.


	B. 3. D. 4/9 or 4/10. P. 1/15 or 1/16. V. 2/8. A. 3/5 or 3/6. C. 6/17/6 or 7/17/7, short flanking ones included.
	Syn.	Tambra and Hampal Sundan.
	Hab.	Java (Tjampea, Buitenzorg, Tjipanas, Banjubiru, Ngantang), in rivers.
		Sumatra (Benkulen, Padang, Meninju, Solok, Pajakombo, Lahat), in rivers and lakes.
	Length of 14 specimens 88’’’ to 430’’’.

Remark. Labeobarbus tambroides Blkr. constantly differs from Labeobarbus tambra 388 by the presence of the upper lip lobe, which already is much developed in the smallest specimens, and by a larger and more pointed lower lip lobe. Moreover various other differences exist, which however are not apparent in specimens of different sizes. Labeobarbus tambroides always has one to four scales more in the lateral line, the back higher and more angular, and the profile of the head less or even not at all convex. The older the specimens are, the more the differences become apparent. In two of my specimens of both species of 430’’’ [TL], one perceives at first glance various differences, apart from those of the lip structure and squamation. The specimen of Labeobarbus tambra has a remarkably more slender body and head and simultaneously has a remarkably more concave snout. Some measurements taken with these specimens, relate to each other as follows.


	Labeobarbus
	tambra Blkr	tambroides Blkr
Height of the body in its entire length.	5⅓	4⅙.
Length from the head to the caudal fin	ca 4	4.
Height of the head in its length	1⅖	1¼ to 1⅕.
Height of the tail in the length of its head	2½	2⅚.
Width of the dorsal fin spine in millimetres	3	6.
Schoulder blade rounded	crescent shape	triangular
Pectoral fins above or before thepelvic fins and ending	before	above.
Profile of the snout	very convex	little convex.
Profile of the anterior back	little convex	very convex.

On Java Labeobarbus tambroides is not as common as Labeobarbus tambra, however on the other hand it is not rare in the freshwater of West Sumatra, whereas I have not yet received Labeobarbus tambra from there.

Among the South Asiatic species of Labeobarbus there are several, which are equally very closely related to the species in question. To these belong especially Labeobarbus macrolepis Heck., Barbus tor Val. and Barbus progeneius McCl., which all possess a very much developed lip lobe and only 25 to 27 scales in a longitudinal row.

However, Labeobarbus macrolepis Heck. distinguishes itself by a larger head, one scale more in the lateral line, 2 to 3 rays more in the pectoral fin, 1 ray less in the dorsal fin, a much longer anal fin, etc. – Barbus tor and Barbus progeneius have the same formula of the lateral line scales, but judging from the figure of Mr MacClelland there are only 3 scale rows above the lateral line in Barbus progeneius (including the one of the dorsal fin scale sheath) and this species moreover 389 has a much more slender body with a very low back, a much shorter dorsal fin and lower anal fin, etc., whereas Barbus tor in habitus seems to depart little from the species in question and mainly differs from it by its relatively larger head and thinner not lobe-shaped upper lip.

Labeobarbus tambra Blkr, Descr. specier. Pisc. Jav. Nov. Nat. T. Ned. Ind. XIII p. 355. – Vorstelijke Lipbarbeel [Royal Lip-barbel].

Atl. Cypr. Tab. XXII.

Fig. 104. Labeobarbus tambra Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XXII, Fig. 2. TL figure 330 mm.

A Labeobarbus with an oblong, compressed body, depth of body contained slightly over 4 to slightly over 5 times in its length, width contained 2 to 1½ times in its depth. Head slightly acute, convex, contained nearly 5 to 5½ times in length of body with caudal fin, nearly 4 to 4⅓ times in length of body without caudal fin; depth of head contained 1⅓ to 1⅖ times, width contained 1¾ to 1⅗ times in its length; eye diameter contained 3½ to 5½ times in the length of the head, eye diameter contained 1⅖ to 2¼ times in the postocular part of the head; distance between the eyes 1¼ to 2⅓ times their diameter; palpebral membrane covering the external margin of the iris only, broader anteriorly than posteriorly, opening nearly circular; snout slightly acute, not to nearly twice as long as the eye, not sticking out in front of the mouth; nostrils much closer to the orbit than to the tip of the snout; rostro-dorsal profile on snout and nape convex, on forehead and crown nearly straight or slightly convex; anterior suborbital bone obliquely pentagonal, length not or hardly greater than depth, lower margin obliquely convex; anterior and posterior lower margins generally concave, anterior margin oblique, posterior margin nearly vertical, upper margins concave or slightly concave (posterior margin generally much shorter than anterior margin) united into an acute, upward pointing angle close to the nostrils, traversed around the middle by a longitudinal crest strongly ascending posteriorly; 2nd suborbital bone quadrangular, much higher anteriorly than posteriorly, length twice to less than twice as great as depth, about twice as low as 1st suborbital bone; upper jaw longer than lower jaw, strongly vertically downward protrusable, ending below the anterior margin of the eye or hardly anterior to the eye, contained 3 to 3¼ times in the length of the head; gape slightly oblique; barbels thin, upper jaw barbels generally slightly longer than nasal barbels, slightly to much longer than the eye; lips very broad, fleshy, transversely striped on the oral surface, upper lip not lobed, lower lip protracted into a medium-sized, broad, obtuse lobe; lower jaw at the symphysis with a conical, obtuse, short tubercle, underside on both branches with several conspicuous pores, placed in a longitudinal row, not always visible; gill cover ray-like rugose, width contained 1⅔ to nearly 2 times in its depth, lower margin slightly concave to slightly convex; gill opening ending below the posterior margin of the preoperculum. Pharyngeal teeth hooked to slightly spoon-shaped to grinding, 2.3.5/5.3.2, on the chewing surface tumid or rugose-tuberculate; scapula triangular, obtusely rounded; belly flat anterior to ventral fins, slightly angular at the flanks, behind ventral fins rounded, not ridged; back elevated, angular, much higher than the belly; scales on the free half and basal half with slightly ray-like longitudinal stripes; 22 or 23 scales in the lateral line, 8 in a transverse row (without the lowest ventral scales) of which 4 (3½) above the lateral line, 8 or 9 in a longitudinal row between occiput and dorsal fin, lowest ventral scales in three longitudinal rows, middle and posterior scales in medial row nearly equal, larger than anterior scales, but not larger than those in flanking rows; lateral line slightly curved, lightly concave anteriorly, nearly straight posteriorly, not reaching or hardly reaching the rostro-caudal line, each scale marked by a simple tube generally not reaching the centre of the scale; dorsal fin starting above the base of the ventral fins, acute, emarginate, slightly lower to considerably lower than the body, much higher than base length but much less than twice as high, spine thin, posteriorly totally glabrous, without teeth, with the flexible part not shorter to much shorter than the head; pectoral and ventral fins acute, pectoral fins slightly longer than ventral fins, contained 5½ to slightly over 6 times in the length of the body, not reaching 390 the ventral fins, ventral fins not reaching the anal fin; anal fin acute, generally convex, in older animals rounded at the tip, slightly lower to slightly higher than dorsal fin, more than twice as high as base length, the simple third ray thin, nearly completely cartilaginous; caudal fin scaled only at the base, with a deep incision, lobes acute, nearly equal, contained 4¼ to about 4½ times in the length of the body. Colour: upper part of the body olive, or dark- or slightly-olive to olive ; flanks and lower part silver or golden-green; iris yellow, upper part dark; all scales on the body towards the base on the membrane with a metallic copper or violetish splendid conspicuous sheen; fins yellowish or faintly pink or, in old animals slightly olive or slightly violet.


	B. 3. D. 4/9 or 4/10, sometimes also 4/8 or 4/9. P. 1/14 to 1/16. V. 2/8, seldom also 2/7. A. 3/5 or 3/6. C. 5/17/5 or 7/17/7, short flanking ones included.
	Syn.	Barbus tambra Val., Poiss. XVI p. 143; Heck., Fisch. Syriens p. 29.
		Barbeau tambra Val., ibid.
		Tambra Sundan.
	Hab.	Java (Buitenzorg, Lebak, Parongkalong, Bandung, Petengan, Kuningam, Lelles, Pandjallu, Banjubiru, Bator, Ngantang), in rivers and lakes.
	Length of 9 specimens 150’’’ to 652’’’.

Remark. Mr Valenciennes in his description of this species does not mention the lobe-like elongated lower lip, which peculiarity he surely could not observe in the dry specimen examined by him.

The species is easy to distinguish from the related South Asiatic ones by the low number of scales in the lateral line. It has this character of only 22 or 23 lateral line scales in common with Labeobarbus douronensis, however in this species the lower lip lobe is so little developed, that it is hardly visible, whereas the body is remarkably higher in specimens of the same length, and the back more angular, with a simultaneous less convex profile of the snout.

Labeobarbus tambra occurs all over Java, but avoids the turbid river mouths. It is often kept in ponds, and reaches a length of more than three foot. Its meat is not unpalatable and is judged as very good in the interior of Java where one cannot get sea fish.

Labeobarbus soro Blkr. – Soro-Lipbarbeel [Soro-Lip-barbel].

Atl. Cypr. Tab. XX

Fig. 105. Labeobarbus soro Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XX, Fig. 2. TL figure 284 mm.

A Labeobarbus with an oblong or slightly elongate, compressed body, depth of body contained 4¼ to 5 times in its length, width contained about twice in its depth. Head slightly acute, convex, contained 5 to 6 times in length of body with caudal fin, 3¾ to 4½ times in length of body without caudal fin; depth of head contained 1⅓ to 1¼ times in its length, width 2 to 1⅔ times; eye diameter contained 3½ to nearly 4 times in the length of the head, eye diameter contained 1½ to 1¾ times in the postocular part of the head; distance between the eyes 1¼ to 1⅔ times their diameter; palpebral membrane covering the external margin of the iris only, opening nearly circular; snout slightly acutely convex, in younger animals shorter than the eye, in old animals longer than the eye, not sticking out in front of the mouth; nostrils closer to the orbit than to the tip of the snout; rostro-dorsal profile convex on crown and nape, nearly straight or slightly concave only on the forehead; interorbital line nearly straight or slightly concave; anterior suborbital bone obliquely pentagonal, length not or hardly greater than depth, lower margin obliquely convex; 391 anterior and posterior lower margins concave, anterior margin oblique, posterior margin nearly vertical, upper margins concave (posterior margin much shorter than anterior margin) united into an acute, upward pointing angle close to the nostrils, traversed around the middle by a longitudinal crest which ascends posteriorly; 2nd suborbital bone obliquely quadrangular, much higher anteriorly than posteriorly, length less than twice as great as depth, twice or less than twice as low as 1st suborbital bone; upper jaw longer than lower jaw, strongly vertically downward protrusable, ending below the anterior rim of the eye, contained nearly 3 to slightly over 3 times in the length of the head; gape slightly oblique; barbels thin, nasal barbels not or slightly longer than the eye, upper jaw barbels much longer than the eye; lower jaw at the symphysis with a conical, obtuse very conspicuous tubercle, underside without conspicuous pores; lips fleshy, transversely rugose on the oral surface, upper lip terete, not protracted, lower lip broad, simply back-sheathed for the total width, broad between lateral sheaths, behind the symphysis fused with lower jaw; gill cover rugose ray-like, width contained 1½ to 1¾ times in its depth, lower margin nearly straight or slightly concave; gill opening ending below the posterior rim of the preoperculum. Pharyngeal teeth hooked to slightly spoon-shaped to grinding 2.3.5/5.3.2, on the chewing surface rugose-tuberculate; scapula triangular, obtusely rounded; belly flat anterior to ventral fins, angular at the flanks, behind ventral fins rounded, not ridged; back rather elevated, angular, higher than the belly; scales on the basal half and free half with longitudinal stripes or slightly ray-like stripes, 26 to 28 scales in the lateral line, 8 in a transverse row (without the lowest ventral scales) of which 4 (3½) above the lateral line, 9 in a longitudinal row between occiput and dorsal fin, lowest ventral scales in three longitudinal rows, scales in medial row gradually increasing in size posteriorly, posterior scales not larger than those in flanking rows; lateral line lightly curved, nearly reaching the rostro-caudal line, each scale marked by a simple tube not reaching the centre of the scale; dorsal fin starting above or hardly anterior to the base of the ventral fins, acute, emarginate, only slightly lower than the body, much higher than base length but much less than twice as high, spine tapering, totally glabrous, with the flexible part not or only slightly longer than the head; pectoral and ventral fins acute, pectoral fins slightly longer than ventral fins, contained 5⅔ to 5¾ times in the length of the body, pectoral fins not reaching the ventral fins, ventral fins not reaching the anal fin; anal fin acute, not or hardly emarginate, in older animals convex, not much lower than dorsal fin, much more than twice as high as base length, the simple third ray thin, bony only at the base; caudal fin scaled only at the base, with a deep incision, lobes acute, upper lobe hardly longer than lower lobe, contained nearly 4 to 4¼ times in the length of the body. Colour: upper part of the body olive, lower part slightly olive to golden or silver; iris yellow; scales on back, flanks and tail each with a transverse, crescent-shaped, violet band at the base; fins yellowish or pink-greenish.


	B. 3. D. 4/8 or 4/9 or 4/10. P. 1/14 or 1/15. V. 2/8. A. 3/5 or 3/6. C. 6/17/6 or 7/17/7, short flanking ones included.
	Syn.	Barbus soro Val., Poiss. XVI p. 144; Heck., Fisch Syr. p. 29; Blkr, Overz. ichth. faun. Sumatra, Nat. T. Ned. Ind. VIII p. 90.
		Barbeau soro Val., Poiss. XVI p. 144.
		Soro Sundan; Wader Javan.
	Hab.	Java (Darma, Garut, Surakarta, Banjubiru), in rivers and ponds.
		Sumatra (Benkulan, Solok, Padang), in rivers.
	Length of 8 specimens 90’’’ to 290’’’.

Remark. Labeobarbus soro is found in many places in the interior of Java and reaches a length of almost a meter. I have observed specimens of that size in the ponds of Darma, a pleasure-ground of the old sultans of Cheribon at the south-eastern foot of the Tjermai, as well as in the so-called blue-water (Banjoebiroe) in the residence Pasuruan. These fishes are often kept 392 in ponds and very tame, so that they little shrink from people and come close to them to obtain food thrown to them. In many places, like in Banjubiru and Darma, they live in a kind of inviolability, as no native because of a kind of superstition will dare to take them out of the pond, while the fishes that leave the pond voluntarily are caught and consumed without any fear. This does not prevent however, that the soro in the ponds has dangerous enemies in some birds of prey, and in the pond of Darma I saw various specimens, whose age was estimated by the inhabitants there as ca 100 years, with deep scars on the back, according to them the result of wounds inflicted by birds of prey.

Kuhl and Van Hasselt already recorded the Soro in the freshwater of Bantam.

However, the species was first described by Mr Valenciennes, but not extensive enough to distinguish it from its South Asiatic relative.

It its most closely related to Barbus putitora McCl., Barbus hexagonolepis McCl. and Barbus macrocephalus McCl. From the last mentioned species it is easy to distinguish by its relatively much shorter head; – from Barbus hexagonolepis by its much more pointed profile and ordinary shape of the visible part of the scales; – from Barbus putitora similarly by its much more pointed head, which in Barbus putitora would be very blunt. It would not seem superfluous to me that it should be compared to Barbus putitora in more detail, as it could be only a cultured or climatic variety of it. The distinction with which this species was treated and still is treated by the Javanese and especially by the distinguished Javanese, does not make it entirely improbable that in the Hindu age of Java this species was brought here from Hindustan, whereas is also must be mentioned that this species also is found in the east of China.

Labeobarbus douronensis Blkr. – Semah-Lipbarbeel [Semah-Lip-barbel].

Atl. Cypr. Tab. XXI.

Fig. 106. Labeobarbus douronensis Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XXI, Fig. 2. TL figure 276 mm.

A Labeobarbus with an oblong, compressed body, depth of body contained 4¼ to 4⅔ times in its length, width contained about twice in its depth. Head slightly acutely convex, contained 5⅕ to nearly 6 times in length of body with caudal fin, nearly 4 to 4½ times in length of body without caudal fin; depth of head contained 1⅕ to 1⅓ times, width contained 1⅗ to 1⅘ times in its length; eye diameter contained 3 to 4¼ times in the length of the head, eye diameter contained 1⅖ to 2 times in the postocular part of the head; distance between the eyes slightly more than once to 1¾ times their diameter; palpebral membrane covering the external margin of the iris only, broader anteriorly than posteriorly, the opening nearly circular; snout slightly acutely convex, not protruding anterior to the mouth, in younger animals shorter than the eye, in old animals longer than the eye; nostrils much closer to the orbit than to the tip of the snout; rostro-dorsal profile on head and nape convex; interorbital line convex or nearly straight; anterior suborbital bone obliquely pentagonal, length not or hardly larger than height, lower margin obliquely convex; anterior and posterior lower margins concave, anterior margin oblique, posterior margin nearly vertical, upper margins concave (posterior margin much shorter than anterior margin) united into an acute, upward pointing angle close to the nostrils, traversed around the middle by a longitudinal crest ascending posteriorly; 2nd suborbital bone obliquely 393 quadrangular, much higher anteriorly than posteriorly, length twice to much less than twice as great as depth, twice as low to much less than twice as low as 1st suborbital bone; upper jaw longer than lower jaw, strongly vertically downward protrusable, ending below the anterior margin of the eye or hardly anterior to the eye, contained 3 times to 3¼ times in the length of the head; gape slightly oblique; barbels thin, nasal barbels not to slightly longer than the eye, upper jaw barbels slightly to much longer than the eye; lower jaw at the symphysis with a conical, obtuse very conspicuous tubercle, underside without conspicuous pores; lips fleshy, transversely rugose on the oral surface, upper lip terete, not prolonged, lower lip broad, not lobed or lobed only over a very short distance, between the lateral folds behind the symphysis rather broadly fused with the lower jaw; gill cover ray-like rugose, width contained 1⅔ to 1⅘ times in its depth, lower margin nearly straight or slightly concave; gill opening ending below the posterior rim of the preoperculum. Pharyngeal teeth hooked to slightly spoon-shaped to grinding, 2.3.5/5.3.2, on the chewing surface rugose-tuberculate; scapula triangular, obtusely rounded; belly flat anterior to ventral fins, angular at the flanks, behind ventral fins rounded, not ridged; back rather elevated, angular, higher than the belly; scales on the basal half and free half with longitudinal stripes or slightly ray-like stripes, 21 to 23 scales in the lateral line, 8 in a transverse row (without the lowest ventral scales) of which 4 (3½) above the lateral line, 7 or 8 in a longitudinal row between occiput and dorsal fin, lowest ventral scales in three longitudinal rows, scales in medial row gradually increasing in size posteriorly, scales in this row not larger than those in flanking rows; lateral line curved, slightly to not descending between the rostro-caudal line, each scale marked by a simple tube reaching or not reaching the centre of the scale; dorsal fin starting above or hardly anterior to the ventral fins, acute, emarginate, not much lower than the body, much less than twice as deep to nearly twice as high as base length, spine tapering, totally glabrous, with the flexible part slightly longer to not longer than the head; pectoral and ventral fins acute, pectoral fins slightly longer than ventral fins, contained 5⅓ to 5¾ times in the length of the body, not or nearly reaching the ventral fins, ventral fins not reaching the anal fin; anal fin acute, not or hardly emarginate, in old animals slightly convex, not much lower than dorsal fin, much more than twice as high as base length, the simple third ray thin, bony only at the base; caudal fin scaled only at the base, with a deep incision, lobes acute, upper lobe slightly to not longer than lower lobe, contained nearly 4 to 4⅖ times in the length of the body. Colour: upper part of the body olive, lower part olive -golden or silver; iris yellow or red; scales on back, flanks and tail each with a oblong, diffuse, transverse violetish spot on the base; fins yellowish- pink or red.


	B. 3. D. 4/8 or 4/9 or 4/10. P. 1/14 to 1/16. V. 2/8. A. 3/5 or 3/6. C. 7/17/7 or 8/17/8, short flanking ones included.
	Syn.	Barbus douronensis val., Poiss. XVI p. 141; Blkr, Overz. Ichth. Faun. v. Sumatra, Nat. T. Ned. Ind. VII p. 91.
		Barbeau douro Val., Poiss. XVI p. 141
		Barbus douronensis Heck., Fisch. Syr. P. 29.
		Barbus tambra Schl., Verh. Over de vereischten van Natuurk. afbeeldingen p. 45 fig. 11.
		Sore Sund.; Wader Jav, Sund.; Semah Benkul.
	Hab.	Java (Buitenzorg, Tjitjurup, Tjitarik), in rivers.
		Sumatra (Benkulen, Telokbetong, Solok), in rivers.
	Length of 20 specimens 98’’’ to 350’’’.

Remark. Build after the type of Barbus soro Val. and very closely related to it, Labeobarbus douronensis is distinguished from it principally by larger and less numerous scales on a longitudinal series. In specimens of medium age of both species it is moreover apparent, that in Labeobarbus soro the profiles 394 of head and back are stronger and more constantly convex, the body more slender and the upper jaw longer juvenile specimens of both species are difficult to distinguish in another way than by the number of scales.

I have no reasons for not placing my above described specimens in Barbus douro Val. I keep this name, although it is based on a misconception. The name “dourr” referred to by Mr Valenciennes, neither is the name of a place, nor of a species, but probably a corruption of a “wader”, under which name the Javanese indicate various species.

Labeobarbus douronensis together with Labeobarbus tambra is the species of the genus which has the least scales in a longitudinal series. However, it moreover differs from Labeobarbus tambra by the not worth mentioning development of the lip lobe, a higher body, a more angular back and higher head with simultaneously more acute, hardly more convex snout, etc.

I know this species as far as Java is concerned only from the western part of the island or so called Sunda-lands, where it mainly inhabits the mountain streams.

I also note here that the figure of Mr Schlegel, referred to above, to me seems to concern the species in question and not Barbus tambra Val., at least not Labeobarbus tambra according to my description.

Hemibarbus Blkr. – False barbel.

Body elongate, compressed, covered with large scales, back low, not higher than the belly. Jaws enclosed in terete, simple lips, upper jaw strongly downward protrusable. Barbels 2, upper jaw barbels. Snout not or hardly protruding anterior to the mouth. Anterior suborbital bone elongate, with an acute, forward pointing tip. Eyes not covered by palpebral membrane. Mouth slightly inferior, gape ending anterior to the eye, in shape reminding of a horse shoe when the mouth is closed. Anal sheath not covered with larger scales. Lateral line slightly curved. Belly not keeled. Dorsal fin starting anterior to ventral fins and ending far anterior to anal fin, with few rays, scaleless at the base, the posterior simple ray bony, without teeth. Anal fin shorter than dorsal fin. Pharyngeal teeth strongly acute 4/4.

Remark. The abovementioned writers of the Fauna Japonica have produced two Japanese Cyprinoids as Gobio, although neither of these two species can be placed in that genus. One Gobio, described and depicted under the name 395 of Gobio esocinus belongs to the genus Pseudogobio of the Labeonines. The other species, depicted and described under the name Gobio barbus, is more closely related to the genus Gobio, but is distinguished from it by its dorsal fin spine and single rowed pharyngeal teeth.

The genus in relationship stands between Cyclocheilichthys and Barbus. It would, be possible, also because of the shape of the anteriormost suborbital bone, to place it in the subgenus Siaja of Cyclocheilichthys, if the scale sheath of the dorsal fin and a branched ray in the anal fin were not lacking, characters whose weight is translated internally by only one row very sharp pharyngeal teeth.

From Barbus, at least from a series of species of this genus, the genus Hemibarbus differs externally only by the presence of only two barbels. I would consider it only as a subgenus of Barbus if not exactly also the dentition departed too much of Barbus.

Gobio barbus T. Schl. till now is the only species that can be placed in Hemibarbus.

Pseudophoxinus Blkr. – False smelt.

Body oblong, compressed, covered with small scales, back slightly elevated. Jaws enclosed in terete, simple lips. No barbels. Snout acute, convex, not or hardly protruding anterior to the mouth. Mouth anterior, gape slightly oblique, ending anterior to the eye. Jaws equal. Eyes superior, not covered by palpebral membrane. Anal sheath not covered with larger scales. Lateral line moderately curved. Belly not keeled. Dorsal fin starting behind ventral fins and ending rather far anterior to anal fin, with few rays, scaleless at the base, posterior simple ray bony, without teeth. Anal fin shorter than dorsal fin. Pharyngeal teeth with a rod-like neck 5/4.

Remark. I propose the genus Pseudophoxinus at the cost of the genus Phoxinellus Heck. in which Heckel placed two species which differ remarkably from each other. It differs from Phoxinellus by a totally different habitus of head and body, regular scales over the entire body and a bony not serrated dorsal spine. Phoxinellus zeregi Heck. is the only known species that can be placed in this genus till now.

Rohteichthys Blkr. – Siriding carp.

Body oblong, compressed, covered with small scales, back elevated, 396 angular. Jaws enclosed in terete, simple lips, upper lip hardly protrusable. No barbels. Snout short, not prolonged. Anterior suborbital bone nearly triangular, with an acute, forward pointing tip. Eyes not covered by palpebral membrane. Mouth anterior, gape medium-sized, oblique, ending anterior to the eye. Lower jaw with a tubercle at the symphysis, slightly hooked at the tip. Single postlabial groove parallel to the margin of the mouth. Branchial opening ending below the eye. Nuchal scales staring anterior to gill cover. Lateral line running along the middle of the flanks. Dorsal fin with few rays, starting behind the base of the ventral fins, at the base enclosed in a scaled sheath, posterior simple ray bony, serrated. Anal fin with few rays, shorter than dorsal fin. Anal sheath not covered with larger scales. Ventral fins 2/9. Caudal fin scaled only at the base. Pharyngeal teeth hooked to spoon-shaped 2.3.5/5.3.2.

Remark. I base this genus on the species which I earlier named Systomus and Rohtee microlepis. It is very closely related to Rohtee Syk., but differs primarily from it by the poorly rayed anal fin and wider gape. The formula of the anal fin rays = 3/5 or 3/6 is entirely that of Systomus, Labeobarbus and related genera, whereas that formula in Rohtee (= 17 to 47) answers more to that of Abramis.

Rohteichthys microlepis till now is the only known species of the genus.

Rohteichthys microlepis Blkr. – Kleinschubbige Siriding-karper [Small scaled Siriding Carp].

Atl. Cypr. Tab XLVII.

Fig. 107. Rohteichthys microlepis Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XL, Fig. 3. TL figure 295 mm.

A Rohteichthys with an oblong, compressed body, depth of body contained 3⅓ to 4 times in its length, width contained 2½ to 3 times in its depth. Head acute, contained slightly over 4 to 4½ times in length of body with caudal fin, 3⅖ to 3⅗ times in length of body without caudal fin, depth of head contained 1⅖ to 1⅗ times in its length, width 2⅙ to 2¼ times; eye diameter contained 3 to 4 times in the length of the head, distance between the eyes nearly once to slightly more than once the eye diameter; palpebral membrane covering the external margin of the iris only, the opening circular; snout acute, slightly convex, in younger animals slightly shorter than the eye, in old animals not shorter than the eye, not protruding anterior to the snout; nostrils close to the orbit; rostro-dorsal profile strongly concave between snout and nape; interorbital line slightly convex; anterior suborbital bone triangular, tip acute, pointing forward, rounded posteriorly, length much greater than depth, with a longitudinal, nearly horizontal ridge on the lower half; 2nd suborbital bone 3 times to more than 3 times as low as 1st suborbital bone; upper jaw slightly shorter than lower jaw, strongly downward and forward protrusable, contained about 2⅗ times in the length of the head, ending slightly anterior to the eye or below the anterior margin of the eye; gape strongly oblique; lower jaw strongly ascending, at the symphysis with a slightly conical, low tubercle; lips broad, especially the lower lip, thin, simple; lower jaw on the lower part of each branch with 6 to 8 conspicuous pores, 397 placed in one longitudinal row; width of gill cover contained 1⅔ to 1¾ times in its height, lower margin slightly convex or nearly straight; gill opening ending below the pupil. Pharyngeal teeth hooked to spoon-shaped to grinding, 2.3.5/5.3.2; scapular bone triangular, obtuse; back strongly elevated, angular, much higher than the belly; belly flat anterior to the ventral fins, angular at the flanks; behind the ventral fins acutely ridged; scales without longitudinal stripes or with hardly visible longitudinal stripes, 70 to 72 scales in the lateral line, 26 or 27 in a transverse row (without the lowest ventral scales) of which 13 or 14 above the lateral line, 28 to 30 in a longitudinal row between occiput and dorsal fin, lowest ventral scales in five longitudinal rows, nearly equal in size; lateral line nearly straight, sloping downward only anteriorly, not descending below the rostro-caudal line, each scale marked by a short, simple tube generally surpassing the centre of the scale; dorsal fin placed between ventral fins and anal fin, closer to anal fin than to ventral fins, acute, emarginate, depth contained 1¼ to 1⅖ times in the depth of the body, much higher than base length, spine thick, posteriorly serrated with large teeth, with the flexible part no shorter or not much shorter than the head; pectoral fins slightly acutely rounded, ventral fins slightly obtusely rounded, nearly equal in length, contained 5½ to 6 times in the length of the body, pectoral fins reaching or slightly surpassing the base of the ventral fins; anal fin acute, emarginate, about twice as low as the body, much less than twice as high as base length, the simple third ray bony only on the basal half; caudal fin scaled only at the base, with a deep incision, lobes acute, contained 3⅔ to more than 4 times in the length of the body. Colour: upper part of the body faintly green, lower part silver; iris yellow; tail with a round, blackish, diffuse spot close to the middle of the base of the caudal fin; fins yellowish- pink, dorsal fin with a margin of dense, dark speckles.


	B. 3. D. 4/8 or 4/9. P. 1/15. V. 2/9. A 3/5 or 3/6. C. 6/17/16 or 7/17/7, the short flanking ones included.
	Syn.	Barbus microlepis Blkr, Bijdr. ichth. Borneo, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. I p. 12.
		Systomus microlepis Blkr, Derde bijdr. ichth. Borneo, Nat. T. Ned. Ind. II p. 60.
		Rohtee microlepis Blkr, Enum. spec. pisc. Arch. Ind. p. 153.
	Hab.	Borneo (Bandjermasin), in rivers.
		Sumatra (Lahat, Palembang), in rivers.
	Length of 3 specimens 95’’’ to 308’’’.

Remark. The physiognomy of this species in many ways is similar to that of Rohtee Vigorsii Syk., however according to my present view it belongs to a proper generic type, primarily because of its little rayed anal fin.

I described it originally in March 1850, after a juvenile specimen of only 95’’’ length from Bandjermasin, under the name of Barbus microlepis and placed it later in the genus Systomus. Since then I received a few larger ad excellent preserved specimens, which enabled me to remarkably improve my earlier description in many ways.

Rohtee Syk., Fish of the Dukhun, Transact. Zoöl. Soc. II p. 364 = Osteobrama Heck., Fisch. Syr. p. 43. – Rohtee.

Body oblong, compressed, covered with small or medium-sized scales, back angular. Jaws enclosed in terete, simple lips. No barbels. Snout short, not prolonged. Eyes not covered by palpebral membrane. Mouth anterior or slightly anterior, gape short, oblique, ending 398 anterior to the eye. Lower jaw with a tubercle at the symphysis, slightly hooked at the tip. Gill opening wide. Nuchal scales starting above or anterior to gill cover. Lateral line running along the middle of the flanks. Dorsal fin with few rays, starting above or behind the base of the ventral fins, posterior simple ray bony, serrated. Anal fin elongate, with many rays. Anal sheath not covered with larger scales. Caudal fin scaled only at the base. Pharyngeal teeth spoon-shaped, 2.3.5/5.3.2.

Remark. Colonel Sykes erected this genus in the year 1838 in his treatise “on the Fishes of the Dukhun” however he gave it the following insufficient definition: “Carps with a lozenge shaped body, rather long dorsal and anal fins, the former seated on the angle of the back, with the first complete ray serrated posteriorly; scales minute”. He placed four species from Deccan in it, i.e. Rohtee Ogelbii Syk., Rohtee Vigorsii Syk., Rohtee pangut Syk. and Rohtee ticto Syk. The two last mentioned species answer not even to the definition, which Mr Sykes himself gave of his genus Rohtee and indeed belong to the genus Systomus, as it is defined in this work.

Heckel reformed the genus Rohtee of Mr Sykes and gave it the name Osteobrama with a more distinct definition as follows: ”dentes cochleariformes 2.3.5/5.3.2. Os subinferum, obliquum; labia teretia; cirri nulli. Pinna dorsalis brevis, radio osseoserrato, vel ante super pinnas ventrales incipiens; analis basi nelongata. Corpus compressum. Tractus intestinalis 2 long. Corp.” [teeth spoon-shaped 2.3.5/5.3.2. Mouth slightly inferior, oblique, lips terete, no barbels. Dorsal fin short with a bony, serrated ray, beginning in front of or above the ventral fins. Intestinal tract 2-2½ times as long as the body.] Heckel placed in this genus both species of Rohtee depicted by Mr Sykes, as well as Cyprinus cotis Buch.

On p 56 of the 17th volume of the large Histoire naturelle Mr Valenciennes similarly described a species of Rohtee under the name Leuciscus Duvaucelii, however, in fig. 488 depicted under the name Leuciscus Alfredianus and under this name also mentioned in the table of contents of the 17th volume, which species is a totally different one from that which in the same volume on p 71 similarly is described under the name Leuciscus Duvaucelii and depicted on tab 491. I am surprised that Mr Valenciennes has placed Leuciscus Duvaucelii on p. 58 in his genus Leuciscus, as he himself says of it “Le premier rayon de la dorsale est fort et un peu dentelé.” [the first ray of the dorsal fin is strong and slightly serrated] As I have demonstrated it can be placed in Systomus.

I am inclined to accept that Leuciscus rhomboidalis Val. described after a Chinese illustration, similarly belongs to Rohtee.

For the rest the five species differ still rather considerably from each other. The formula of the anal fin rays differs considerably = 47?, 36, 36, 28 and 17. 399 The number of scales seems to vary between 50 and more than 70. The snout varies from rather blunt and convex to pointed, and the mouth opening from more or less inferior to entirely terminal.

Acanthobrama Heck., Fisch. Syr. p. 43 = Trachibrama Heck. – Spine bream.

Body oblong, compressed, covered with medium-sized or small scales, back angular. Jaws enclosed in terete, simple lips, upper jaw slightly protrusable. No barbels. Snout short, not prolonged. Mouth anterior, gape oblique. Anal sheath not covered with larger scales. Belly not keeled. Dorsal fin with few rays, starting behind the base of the ventral fins, posterior simple ray bony, without teeth. Anal fin with many rays, longer than dorsal fin. Lateral line moderately curved. Nuchal scales starting above gill cover or preoperculum. Pharyngeal teeth with a rod-like neck 5/5, smooth.

Remark. This genus forms a link between the Barbels and the Breams. Heckel has made known four species from Syria, Acathiobrama marmid, Acanthobrama cupida, Acanthobrama centisquama and Acanthobrama arrhada. Mr Basilewski has added to this two more species from China and Mongol, under the names Abramis pekinensis and Abramis mantschuricus, which species mainly distinguish themselves by larger scales from the Syrian ones.

Rhodeus Ag., Mem. Neuchat. I 1836; Heck., Fisch. Syr. p. 26.; Heck. Kner, Fisch. oestr. Mon. p. 100. – Bitterling.

Body oblong, compressed, covered with large scales, back and elevate belly convex. Jaws enclosed in terete, simple lips. No barbels. Snout obtuse, short, convex, not protruding anterior to the mouth. Mouth nearly terminal, gape small, oblique. Anal sheath not covered with larger scales. Belly not keeled. Dorsal fin slightly elongate, but with few rays, starting behind ventral fins and ending above anal fin, posterior simple ray bony, without teeth. Anal fin equal in length to dorsal fin,with few or with many rays. Lateral line visible only on the anterior part of the body. Nuchal scales starting behind the eye. Pharyngeal teeth knife-like 5/5.

400 Remark. The genus Rhodeus to me seems to be most closely related to Acanthobrama Heck., from which it differs only by the relatively long dorsal fin with very slender spine, the short, only in the posterior shoulder area visible lateral line and by the knife-like shape of the pharyngeal teeth.

The latest diagnosis of the genus known to me is that of Heckel and Kner in their work on the fishes of the Austrian monarchy. The there presented illustration of the only known species of the genus with regard to the dorsal fin does not answer to the diagnosis of Heckel and Kner, as this fin starts behind the pelvic fins and is even largely situated above the anal fin. The figure of Rhodeus amarus Ag. in Bloch seems to be more accurate concerning this.

Chanodichthys Blkr. = Leptocephalus Basil., Ichth. Chin. Boreal in Nouv. Mém. Soc. Impér. Natural. Moscou X 1855 p. 234. – Bandang carp.

Body oblong-elongate, compressed, covered with medium-sized scales, unequal in size, back angular. Jaws enclosed in terete, simple lips. No barbels. Snout acute. Mouth anterior, gape oblique. Lower jaw not protruding anterior to upper jaw, low, not hooked at the symphysis. Dorsal fin starting above or hardly behind ventral fins and ending far anterior to anal fin, posterior simple ray bony, without teeth. Anal fin with many rays, longer than dorsal fin. Swimbladder trilobed. Lateral line slightly curved. Nuchal scales starting above gill cover. Anal sheath not covered with larger scales.

Remark. The genus Chanodichthys in relationship stands between Acanthobrama and Culter. Mr Basilewski mentions it under the name Leptocephalus Pall., a name unknown to me as a Cyprinioid genus and also not included in the Nomenclator of Mr Agassiz and which moreover became current as a genus from the Helmichthyoid family. Therefore I had to choose another genus name which I have derived from the undeniable resemblance in habitus of the typical species (Leptocephalus mongolicus Basil.) to the genus Chanos. It seems to me that Leuciscus aethiops Basil. despite it shorter anal fin belongs to Chanodichthys as well or at least to a very closely related type.

401 Pseudoculter Blkr. – Thorn-knife carp.

Body elongate, compressed, covered with medium-sized scales, back low. Jaws enclosed in terete, simple lips. No barbels. Snout short, not prominent. Mouth superior, gape slightly vertical. Lower jaw protruding anterior to upper jaw, narrow. Belly not ridged. Dorsal fin starting behind ventral fins and ending anterior to anal fin, posterior simple ray bony, without teeth. Anal fin with many rays, longer than dorsal fin. Lateral line running along the middle of the flanks, hardly curved. Anal sheath not covered with larger scales. Swim-bladder bilobed.

Remark. I exclude Culter pekinensis Basil. and Culter exiguus Basil. from the genus Culter based on the not keeled belly, the hardly curved lateral line that is situated on the middle of the flank, and the bipartite swimbladder, characters, probably accompanied by others of importance, which cannot be gathered from the short description of Mr Basilewski. The known ones however, are in themselves already of enough value to place these species in a genus different from Culter. It seems to be closely related to Chanodichthys.

Hemiculter Blkr. – Bone-knife carp.

Body elongate, compressed, covered with medium-sized or small scales, back low. Jaws enclosed in terete, simple lips. No barbels. Snout short, not prominent. Mouth anterior or slightly superior, gape oblique. Lower jaw hardly protruding anterior to upper jaw. Belly not ridged. Dorsal fin starting behind ventral fins and ending anterior to anal fin, posterior simple ray bony, without teeth. Anal fin truncated. Lateral line maximally down-folded anteriorly, next very close to the ventral line, curved upward posteriorly. Anal sheath not covered with larger scales. Swim-bladder bilobed.

Remark. The species briefly described by Mr Basilwski under the name Culter leucisculus is neither a Culter, nor a Pseudoculter. It must differ from the species of these genera as Mr Basilewski expresses himself “nucha non abbreviata, maxilla inferiore Leucisco simili” [nape not shortened, lower jaw similar to Leuciscus], whereas the “pinna analis abbreviata” [the shortened anal fin] and the strongly curved lateral line, just like in Chela, similarly makes them depart remarkably from it. Therefore I have provisionally 402 placed it under a proper genus name, which genus I suspect, after a more detailed knowledge of the species, to be a natural one.

Aulopyge Heck., Fish. Syr. p. 31: Susswasserf oestreich. Monarch. p. 95. – Ukliva or Ostrul.

Body oblong or elongate, compressed, not covered with scales. Jaws enclosed in terete, simple lips. Barbels 4, nasal and upper jaw barbels. Snout acute, prominent. Simple nostrils on both sides. Gape inferior, in shape reminding of a horse shoe, when the mouth is closed. Lower jaw shorter than upper jaw. Dorsal fin starting above ventral fins and ending anterior to anal fin, posterior simple ray bony, serrated. Anal fin shorter than dorsal fin. Pharyngeal teeth scalpriform 4/4. Female with a fleshy process attached to the first rays of the anal fin, perforated by urogenital and anal canal.

Remark. Of this peculiar genus till now is only known the species, first described and depicted by Heckel in the above named work under the name Aulopyge Hügelii. The female of Aulogype has a cloaca tube anterior in the anal fin from which the generic name is derived.

Meda Gir., Cypr. Fish. Unit. Stat., Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. VIII p. 191. – Bare carp.

Body oblong, compressed, bare, scaleless. Jaws enclosed in terete, simple lips. No barbels. Snout not or hardly protruding anterior to the mouth. Mouth nearly terminal, with an oblique gape ending below the eye. Eyes superior, not covered by palpebral membrane. Lateral line hardly curved. Belly not keeled. Dorsal fin with few rays, starting slightly behind ventral fins, posterior simple ray solid, bony, posteriorly grooved but without teeth. Anal fin? Isthmus narrow. Pharyngeal teeth thin, prehensile, 1.4/4.1, no chewing surface.

Remark. Meda seems to be a natural and peculiar genus, which however, just like the Meda fulgida Gir., the only known species, was only briefly described by Mr Girard. Neither from the genus nor from the species anything is mentioned concerning the anal fin. In habitus the genus seems to resemble Phoxinus and Phoxinella.

403 Chedrus Swains., Nat. Hist. Fish. II (1839) p. 285 = Pachystomus Heck., Fisch. Syr. p. 48. partly. – Cell-jaw carp.

Body oblong or slightly elongate, compressed, covered with large scales, back low. Jaws covered by lips, upper jaw slightly protrusable. No barbels. Snout convex, not protruding anterior to the mouth. Mouth anterior, gape oblique, ending anterior to or below the eye. Eyes superior, not covered by palpebral membrane. Snout and jaws with very densely packed, hexagonal cells. Suborbital bones maximally developed. Scapular bone maximally developed. Thoracic triangle scaleless. Lateral line moderately curved. Belly not keeled anterior to ventral fins. Dorsal fin with few rays, starting behind ventral fins and ending above the beginning of the anal fin, with few rays, posterior simple ray cartilaginous. Anal fin with few rays, not longer than dorsal fin. Pharyngeal teeth hooked with a rod-like neck 4.5/5.4.

Remark. Swainson erected this genus based on the species depicted in the illustrations of Indian Zoology under the name Cyprinus chedra Hamilt., but he described it only with a few words “Jaws equal; tuberculated; dorsal fin placed very near to the caudal”. The species itself he named Chedrus Grayi.

The honey-comb-like cells, not only on the snout, but also on the lips or jaws, the chest area being partly scaleless and the extraordinary development of the suborbital bones and of the scapula, in my opinion give every right in relation to the remaining characters to see in Chedrus a very natural genus that can be sharply distinguished from related ones like Leuciscus, Alburnus etc.

Heckel did not seem to have noted the genus Chedrus Swns. and placed the species which belonged to it, in his genus Pachystomus. This genus however is not acceptable as too indefinitely described. In any case the name Chedrus, which was already proposed in the year 1839, should be retained. Heckel placed 8 species in his genus Pachystomus, however, knew none of these from nature. Those species therefore belong partly to Chedrus and partly to Morara and the subgenus Shacra of the genus Opsarius.

Plargyrus Raf., Ichth. Oh.; Gir., Cypr. Fish. Un. Stat. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil. VIII p.195. – Hypsolepis Baird. – Bare-brest carp.

Body oblong or slightly elongate, compressed, covered with large, high, short scales, 404 back rather elevated. Jaws equal, covered by thin, simple lips. No barbels. Snout convex, not protruding anterior to the mouth. Mouth anterior, gape medium-sized, oblique, ending anterior to the eye. Eyes superior, not covered by palpebral membrane. Lateral line slightly curved. Belly not keeled. Dorsal fin with few rays, starting above or anterior to ventral fins and ending anterior to the anal fin, with few rays, posterior simple ray completely cartilaginous. Anal fin with few rays, not or only slightly longer than dorsal fin. Thoracic region scaleless. Isthmus narrow. Pharyngeal teeth prehensile, compressed 2.4/4.2., provided with a chewing surface.

Remark. Judging from the beautiful illustration of Leuciscus frontalis Ag., which is placed in Plargyrus, Plargyrus is related to Chedrus Swns. Both because of the bareness of the chest and the large pores or cells on the forehead, snout and lower jaw. Mr Girard sums up 6 species of this genus, however from none of these species I find anything described about the being scaled or not scaled of the chest area, which therefore must be further investigated.

Catla Val., Hist. nat. poiss. XVII p. 305 = Gibelion Heck., Fisch. Syr. p. 24 ex parte = Spoon-jaw carp.

Body oblong, compressed, covered with large scales, back elevated, angular. Jaws covered by thin, simple lips. No barbels. Snout acute, slightly depressed, not protruding anterior to the mouth. Anterior suborbital bone oblong-rounded, on the longitudinal diameter nearly horizontal. Other suborbital bones thin. Mouth anterior, oblique gape ending anterior to the eye. Upper jaw not emarginate at the symphysis, moderately protrusable. Lower jaw with wide, slightly spoon-shaped branches, not shorter than upper jaw, symphysis without tubercle. Single postlabial groove parallel to the free margin of the lower jaw, in shape reminding of a horse shoe. Lower lip back-folded, hanging from the total free margin of the jaw. Eyes superior, not covered by palpebral membrane. Belly not keeled. Dorsal fin starting above or hardly anterior to ventral fins and ending anterior to anal fin, scaleless at the base, posterior simple ray totally cartilaginous. Pectoral fins shorter than the head. Anal fin with few rays, much shorter than dorsal fin. Lateral line strongly curved. 405 Gill opening wide, ending below the eye. Gill covers not rugose. Pharyngeal teeth masticatory, aggregated, on the chewing surface obliquely truncate, flat, at the tip lightly hooked, 2.4.5/5.4.2.

Remark. The genus Catla was proposed by Mr Valenciennes, and indeed can be considered as a very natural genus. It is related to my genera Thynnichthys and Hypophthalmichthys, however easy to separate from these by its many rayed dorsal fin and the lower lip which is folded back along the entire edge of the jaw. Some specimens which I posses have given me the opportunity to take the above mentioned characters from nature. As a generic character probably can be added the posteriorly triangular relatively very broad upper jaw bone.

Hypophthalmichthys Blkr. – Low-eye carp.

Body oblong or slightly elongate, compressed, covered with medium-sized scales, back elevated, angular. Jaws covered by thin, simple lips. No barbels. Snout acute, slightly depressed, not protruding anterior to the mouth. Anterior suborbital bone oblong-oval or triangular, directed obliquely downward and backward. Mouth anterior [terminal], oblique gape ending anterior to the eye. Upper jaw not emarginate at the symphysis, moderately protrusable. Lower jaw with elevated branches, longer than upper jaw, with a hardly visible tubercle at the symphysis. Eyes posterior or inferior, not covered by palpebral membrane. Belly not keeled. Dorsal fin starting behind ventral fins and ending anterior to anal fin, scaleless at the base, with few rays, posterior simple ray totally cartilaginous. Pectoral fins shorter than the head. Anal fin with many rays, much longer than dorsal fin. Lateral line strongly curved. Gill covers strongly ray-like rugose.

Remark. I base the genus Hypophthalmichthys on three closely related East- Asiatic species, known in science under the names Leuciscus molitrix Val., Leuciscus nobilis Gray and Cephalus mantschuricus Basil.

The genus belongs to the group of Catla and Thynnichthys, but distinguishes itself; - from the first by the short dorsal fin, which starts behind the pelvic fins and the on the contrary multi-rayed anal fin, which is much longer than the dorsal fin (which in Catla is exactly the reverse) and probably also by the differently formed posterior lip groove; - 406 from Thynnichthys, to which it is most closely related, similarly because it has a dorsal fin that starts behind the pelvic fin and is much shorter than the anal fin, by wrinkly radiated gill covers, a strongly curved lateral line, totally posterior to even inferior eyes and the prognathous lower jaw.

Thynnichthys Blkr. – Tunny carp.

Body oblong-elongate, compressed, covered with medium-sized scales, back elevated, angular. Jaws covered by thin, simple lips. No barbels. Snout acute, slightly depressed, not protruding anterior to the mouth. Anterior suborbital bone nearly triangular, tip pointing downward. Mouth anterior, oblique gape ending anterior to the eye. Upper jaw not emarginate at the symphysis, moderately protrusable. Lower jaw with slender branches, slightly obliquely compressed, not shorter than upper jaw, with a small tubercle at the symphysis. Postlabial groove on both sides parallel to the free margin of the jaw, not united with the groove on the opposite side. Eyes posterior or slightly superior, not covered by palpebral membrane. Belly not keeled. Dorsal fin starting above or hardly anterior to ventral fins and ending far anterior to anal fin, scaleless at the base, with few rays, posterior simple ray totally cartilaginous. Pectoral fins shorter than the head. Anal fin with few rays, shorter than dorsal fin. Lateral line hardly curved. Gill opening ending below gill cover. Gill covers not rugose. Pharyngeal teeth masticatory, aggregated, on the chewing surface obliquely truncate, flat, 2.4.5/5.4.2.

Remark. I base the genus Thynnichthys on two species from Borneo and Sumatra, which are remarkable because of their Tuna-like habitus. In relationship the genus is close to Catla. The small mouth slit, the not concave upper jaw and not hook-like lower jaw, and the pavement-like pharyngeal jaw teeth point at its more peaceful habits than those of Rasbora, Opsarius, Aspius, etc. For the rest it differs from Catla in several characters. In Catla the dorsal fin is multi-rayed (4/14 or 4/15), the lower jaw strongly developed and has adopted a spoon-like shape, the lower lip is broad and folded downwards from the entire free edge of the lower jaw, while the very broad gill opening runs till below the eyes and the pharyngeal teeth, although they belong to the dentes aggregati, have the masticating surfaces slightly concave and the points somewhat hook-like.

Both my species can be recognized as follows.


407	I.	70 to 75 scales in the lateral line, 17 or 18 above the lateral line. Depth of body contained 4¼ to 4⅖ times in its length.
Thynnichthys polylepis Blkr.
	II.	58 to 60 scales in the lateral line, 12 above the lateral line. Depth of body contained about 5 times in its length.
Thynnichthys thynnoides Blkr.

Thynnichthys polylepis Blkr. – Veelschubbige Tonijnkarper [Much scaled Tunny Carp].

Atl. Cypr. Tab. LI fig. 4.

Fig. 108. Thynnichthys polylepis Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XLI, Fig. 1. TL figure 173 mm.

A Thynnichthys with an oblong, compressed body, depth of body contained 4¼ to 4⅖ times in its length, width contained slightly over 3 times in its depth. Head acute, not convex, contained 4⅖ to 4⅗ times in length of body with caudal fin, 3⅓ to 3½ times in length of body without caudal fin, crown scaleless; depth of head contained 1⅓ to 1¼ times in its length, width 2 to slightly over 2 times in its length; eyes slightly posterior, eye diameter contained 3 to 3¾ times in the length of the head, eye diameter contained 1⅓ to nearly 2 times in the postocular part of the head, distance between the eyes once to 1⅓ times their diameter; palpebral membrane covering the external margin of the iris only, broader anteriorly than posteriorly, the opening nearly circular; rostro-dorsal profile on the head sloping, on the forehead not or hardly concave, on nape and back convex; interorbital line convex; snout acute, not convex, in younger animals considerably shorter than the eye, in old animals slightly shorter, tip located anterior to the middle of the eye, anterior profile rounded, slightly crescent-shaped; nostrils not or hardly closer to the orbit than to the tip of the snout, posterior nostrils hardly twice as large as anterior nostrils; anterior suborbital bone triangular or slightly pentagonal-heart-shaped, width larger than length (height), base pointing upward and slightly forward, sides convex or with an obtuse angle, united into a slightly acute downward and backward pointing angle, no visible crest; 2nd suborbital bone elongate-quadrangular, much higher anteriorly than posteriorly, length more than twice as great as height; about twice as low as 1st suborbital bone; 3rd and 4th suborbital bones low, 3rd bone broader than 4st bone, far removed from the posterior margin of the preoperculum; jaws equal, oral margins acute especially anteriorly; upper jaw thin, hidden below nasal bones, moderately downward protrusable, not emarginate at the symphysis, ending anterior to the eye, contained 4½ to 5 times in the length of the head; lower jaw not emarginate towards the symphysis, symphysis itself hardly tuberculate or hooked; branches slightly obliquely compressed, underside with little conspicuous pores in one longitudinal row; lips thin, without conspicuous transverse stripes, groove in the upper lip ending slightly anterior to the angle of the mouth, groove of lower lip extending from the angle of the mouth to the inframaxillary symphysis, gape moderately oblique; width of gill cover contained 1⅗ to 1⅔ times in its depth, lower margin nearly straight; gill membrane behind the gill cover prolonged into an obtusely rounded lobe; gill opening ending below the anterior part of the gill cover. Pharyngeal teeth aggregated, 2.4.5/5.4.2, each strongly compressed, with an obliquely truncate, flat chewing surface; dorsal line of the body higher than convex ventral line; belly flat anterior to ventral fins, behind ventral fins rounded, not ridged; scales nearly vertical, unequal in size on the total body, dorsal scales not smaller than those on the flanks, with numerous concentric stripes, well visible with the aid of a lens, on the basal half no longitudinal stripes visible with the naked eye, on the free half none or sparse stripes, 70 to 75 scales in the lateral line, about 33 in a transverse row (without the lowest ventral scales) of which 17 or 18 above the lateral line, about 30 in a longitudinal row between the occiput and the dorsal fin, lowest ventral scales in 7 to 9 longitudinal rows, 408 scales in all rows unequal in size; lateral line curved anteriorly, broad, obliquely descending to a point behind the ventral fins, nearly straight posteriorly, not much closer to the base of the ventral fins than to the dorsal line, each scale marked by a simple tube generally surpassing the centre of the scale; scapular bone triangular, obtusely rounded; dorsal fin starting hardly anterior to ventral fins, scaleless at the base, acute, emarginate, not lower or not much lower than the body, much deeper but much less than twice as high as base length, simple 4th ray thin, cartilaginous, not much shorter than the head; pectoral fins scaleless at the base, acute, not or hardly longer than ventral fins, contained 6½ to 7 times in the length of the body, not reaching the ventral fins, the simple ray thin; ventral fins inserted in the lowest part of the belly, acute, not reaching the anal fin; anal fin scaleless, acute, emarginate, considerably less than twice as low as dorsal fin, rather much less than twice as high as base length, the simple third ray slender, cartilaginous; caudal fin scaled only at the base, with a deep incision, lobes acute, lower lobe slightly longer than upper lobe, contained 3⅚ to 3½ times in the length of the body. Colour: upper part of the body bluish-green, lower part silver; iris yellowish, upper part dark; lobe of gill membrane with a dark postopercular spot; fins faintly pink, dorsal and caudal fin more or less speckled with dark.


	B. 3. D. 4/8 or 4/9 or 4/10. P. 1/17 or 1/18. V. 2/8. A. 3/5 or 3/6. C. 7/17/8 or 6/17/7, short flanking ones included.
	Hab.	Sumatra (Palembang), in rivers.
		Borneo (Pontianak), in rivers.
	Length of 3 specimens 88’’’ to 181’’’.

Remark. In my contributions to the ichthyology of Borneo, the species in question is mentioned (not described) as Leuciscus thynnoides. Till now I did not receive Thynnichthys thynnoides from Borneo and the mentioning of it amongst the fishes of Borneo was based on the fact that I had not examined the species in question in detail and took it for the same as Thynnichthys thynoides. However it certainly is different from the last mentioned, and distinguished by remarkably more scales on a longitudinal and a transverse row and moreover by a higher body and a higher and less acute head.

Thynnichtys thynnoides Blkr. – Slanke Tonijnkarper [Slender Tunny Carp].

Atl. Cypr. Tab. LI fig. 2.

Fig. 109. Thynnichthys thynnoides Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XLII, Fig. 1. TL figure 131 mm. [N.B. In the Atlas Ichtyologue Cypr. Tab XIX, Fig. 2, a second, lager specimen of this species is figured as well.]

A Thynnichthys with an oblong, compressed body, depth of body contained about 5 times in its length, width contained about twice in its depth. Head acute, not convex, contained about 4⅓ times in length of body with caudal fin, about 3¼ times in length of body without caudal fin, crown scaleless; depth of head contained 1⅖ times, width contained slightly over 2 times in its length; eyes slightly posterior, eye diameter contained about 4 times in the length of the head, eye diameter contained about twice in the postocular part of the head, distance between the eyes about 1⅓ times their diameter; palpebral membrane covering the external margin of the iris only, broader anteriorly than posteriorly, the opening nearly circular; rostro-dorsal profile sloping on the head, slightly concave on the forehead, on nape and back convex; interorbital line convex; snout acute, not convex, not or hardly shorter than the eye, tip located anterior to the middle of the eye, anterior profile rounded with an obtuse angle; nostrils hardly closer to the orbit than to the tip of the snout, posterior nostrils hardly twice as large as anterior nostrils; anterior suborbital bone triangular heart-shaped, width slightly larger than length (height), base upward and slightly forward pointing; sides convex, united into a rounded, downward and backward pointing angle, middle traversed by a longitudinal crest, the underside sprouting branches and descending downward and backward; 2nd suborbital bone elongate-quadrangular, much higher 409 anteriorly than posteriorly, length more than twice as great as depth, about twice as low as 1st suborbital bone; 3rd and 4th suborbital bones low, 3rd bone broader than 4th bone, far removed from the posterior margin of the preoperculum; jaws equal, oral margins acute especially anteriorly; upper jaw thin, hidden below the nasal bones, moderately downward protrusable, not emarginate at the symphysis, ending anterior to the eye, contained slightly over 4 times in the length of the head; lower jaw not emarginate towards the symphysis, symphysis itself hardly tuberculate, not hooked; branches slightly obliquely compressed, lower part without visible pores; lips thin, without visible transverse stripes, groove in the upper lip ending slightly anterior to the angle of the mouth, groove of lower lip extending from the angle of the mouth to the symphysis of the lower jaw; gape moderately oblique; width of gill cover contained about 1⅗ times in its height, lower margin nearly straight; gill membrane behind the gill cover prolonged into a rounded lobe, ; gill opening ending below the anterior part of the gill cover. Pharyngeal teeth aggregated 2.4.5/5.4.2, each strongly compressed, with an obliquely truncate, flat chewing surface; dorsal line of the body convex, higher than convex ventral line; belly flat anterior to ventral fins, behind ventral fins rounded, not ridged; scales nearly vertical, dorsal scales hardly smaller than those on the flanks, scales on the flanks unequal in size everywhere on the body, with numerous concentric stripes, well visible with the aid of a lens, on the basal half no longitudinal stripes visible with the naked eye, on the free half none or sparse stripes, 58 to 60 scales in the lateral line, 20 or 21 in a transverse row (without the lowest ventral scales) of which 12 above the lateral line, about 25 in a longitudinal row between occiput and dorsal fin; lateral line anteriorly with a broad curve, strongly obliquely descending to a point behind the ventral fins, nearly straight posteriorly, not much closer to the base of the ventral fins than to the dorsal line, each scale marked by a simple tube reaching or surpassing the centre of the scale; scapular bone triangular, obtusely rounded; dorsal fin starting above ventral fins, scaleless at the base, acute, emarginate, hardly lower than the body, much higher than base length but much less than twice as high, the 4th ray simple, thin, cartilaginous, considerably shorter than the head; pectoral fins scaleless at the base, acute, not longer than ventral fins, nearly reaching ventral fins, contained about 7 times in the length of the body, the simple ray slender; ventral fins inserted in the lowest part of the belly, acute, not reaching the anal fin; anal fin scaleless, acute, emarginate, much lower than dorsal fin, but much less than twice as low, much higher than base length, but much less than twice as high, the simple third ray thin, cartilaginous; caudal fin scaled at the base, with a deep incision, lobes acute, lower lobe slightly longer than upper lobe, contained about 4 times in the length of the body. Colour: upper part of the body bluish-green or olive, lower part silver; iris yellowish, upper part dark; lobe of gill membrane with a dark postopercular spot; fins faintly pink, dorsal and caudal fin more or less speckled with dark.


	B. 3. D. 4/8 or 4/9. P. 1/18. V. 2/8. A. 3/5 or 3/6. C. 6/17/6 or 7/17/7, short flanking ones included.
	Syn.	Leuciscus thynnoides Blkr, Diagn. beschr. vischs. Sumatra, Tient. I-IV, Nat. T. Ned. Ind. III p. 599.
	Hab.	Sumatra (Palembang), in rivers.
	Length of sole specimen 135’’’.

Remark. I discovered this species in the year 1852 and described it under the name of Leuciscus thynnoides after the only specimens that I possess of it. It seems to be very rare.

Amblypharyngodon Blkr. = Mola Heck., Fisch Syr. Addend. et corrig. p. 257. Blunt teeth carp.

Body oblong or elongate, compressed, covered with 410 small scales, back slightly elevated, angular. Jaws covered by thin, simple lips. No barbels. Snout acute, slightly depressed, not protruding anterior to the mouth. Anterior suborbital bone triangular, tip pointing downward. Mouth anterior, oblique gape ending anterior to the eye. Upper jaw not emarginate at the symphysis, moderately protrusable. Lower jaw not shorter than upper jaw, branches thin, flat, slightly obliquely compressed, at the symphysis with a small tubercle. Postlabial groove on both sides parallel with the free margin of the jaw, not united with the groove on the opposite side. Eyes posterior, not covered by palpebral membrane. Belly not keeled. Dorsal fin starting behind ventral fins and ending hardly anterior to anal fin, scaleless at the base, with few rays, posterior simple ray totally cartilaginous. Pectoral fins shorter than the head. Anal fin with few rays, shorter than dorsal fin. Lateral line hardly curved. Gill opening ending below the eye. Gill cover not rugose. Pharyngeal teeth molariform, on the chewing surface oblong-rounded and transversely rugose, 1.2.3/3.2.1.

Remark. The genus Amblypharyngodon was already recognized by Heckel. In the addenda and corrigenda of his Fische Syriens he mentioned by the way that Cyprinus mola Buch. belonged to a proper genus, which he named Mola and briefly characterized with the words “Dentes semilunares [crescent-shape teeth] 1.2.3/3.2.1.” As the name Mola was already given to a genus of Gymnodonts (Mola Risso), it cannot be retained, reason why I propose that of Amblypharyngodon. I first was of the opinion that the species belonging to Thynnichthys could be placed in Amblypharyngodon and indeed they are most closely related to them. However, the genus Thynnichthys has a differently build dentition, a character that is externally translated in the placement of the dorsal fin anterior or above the pelvic fins and its ending far anterior to the anal fin, as well a the small mouth slit ending under the gill cover.

As belonging to the genus Amblypharyngodon I count Cyprinus mola Buch. and moreover Leuciscus microlepis from Bengal and Leuciscus melettina Val. from Bombay.

Devario Heck., Fische syriens p. 25, Nachtr. p. 184. – Devari.

Body oblong, compressed, covered with large scales, back and belly strongly convex. Jaws covered by terete, simple lips. 411 No barbels. Snout short, not protruding anterior to the mouth. Mouth nearly terminal, gape small. Anal sheath not covered with larger scales. Belly not keeled. Dorsal fin elongate, with many rays, largely placed opposite the elongate, with many rays anal fin, posterior simple ray cartilaginous. Lateral line strongly curved, close to the ventral line. Nuchal scales starting behind the eye. Pharyngeal teeth.???

Remark. After Heckel had erected in 1842 the genus Devario after Cyprinus devario Buch. and Perilampus ostreographus McCl., species which he did not know from nature, he reviewed the genus in 1847 and placed therein, apart from both mentioned ones, still 6 Japanese species described and depicted by Mr Schlegel under the name Capoëta. The naturalness of the genus was spoiled because of this, as two of these Japanese species, Capoëta elongata T. Schl. and Capoëta gracilis T. Schl. belong to the genus Gnathopogon and the 4 others to the genus Acheilognathus.

I accept Devario in the sense that was original given to it by Heckel, and add yet two species, Devario McClellandi and Devario cyanotaenia, which are depicted in the Indian Cyprinidae but not described.

As I was not able to investigate any species from nature and the structure of the lips and dentition are not described, the placement of the genus is still uncertain, and it would not surprise me if it would belong to the Phalacrognathes and indeed near Acheilognathus.

Luciosoma Blkr, Nalez. vischf. Sumatra, Nat. T. Ned. Ind. IX p. 236. – Pike carp

Body elongate, compressed, covered with large scales, back very low, broad. Jaws covered by thin, simple lips, upper jaw slightly protrusable. Barbels 4, fleshy nasal and upper jaw barbels or no barbels. Snout acute, not protruding anterior to the mouth, tip located anterior to the eye. Anterior suborbital bone pentagonal, tip acute, pointing upward. Posterior suborbital bones much more developed than anterior bones. Eyes superior, not covered by palpebral membrane. Mouth anterior, with a broad, oblique gape ending below the eye. Upper jaw emarginate at the symphysis. Lower jaw not or hardly shorter than upper jaw, hooked at the symphysis, the hook entering the intermaxillary incision. Postlabial groove on both sides parallel to the free margin of the jaw, not united 412 with the groove on the opposite side. Scales on the body nearly equal in size, nuchal scales starting far behind the eye. Belly not keeled. Ventral fins inserted in the lowest part of the belly. Lateral line strongly curved, much closer to the ventral line than to the dorsal line. Dorsal fin with few rays, largely located above the anal fin, scaleless at the base, posterior simple ray totally cartilaginous. Pectoral fins longer than the head, the first ray solid. Anal fin with few rays, not or not much longer than dorsal fin. Gill opening ending below the preoperculum. Pharyngeal teeth hooked, slightly spoon-shaped or predatory 2.4.4/4.4.2 or 2.4.5/5.4.2.

Subg. Luciosoma Blkr. Nasal and upper jaw barbels.

Subg. Trinematichthys Blkr. No barbels.

Remark. I based this genus on the species described and depicted by Mr Valen-ciennes under the name Barbus setigerius. That species however, has not much relationship with the genus Barbus, but on the contrary in organization stands closer to Aspius and Chela and can be considered as a transition between those genera. The genus is characterized by its more or less pike-like slender body, its low back, dorsal fin implanted partly above the anal fin, a not keeled belly, a low fleshy thick back, a wide gape reaching till below the eyes, a hooked lower jaw and concave upper jaw, relatively very broad posterior suborbital bones, long pectoral fins, three rowed pharyngeal teeth, etc.

Apart from Barbus setigerius I possess two more species of this genus, one closely related to Luciosoma setigerum, the other remarkable because of the complete absence of barbels and earlier described by me under the name Leuciscus trinema. This is a species however, which in general structure of body, head and fins answers completely to Luciosoma, and which I only on the basis of the absence of barbels have placed in a subgenus, which I propose to name Trinemathichthys.

I used to be of the opinion that the genus is endemic to the Sunda Islands, but from a figure of Count Francis de Castelnau I gather that it also occurs in Siam, just like various other genera that till very recently were only known from the Sunda Islands.

The species of my collection can easily be separated from each other as follows.


	I.	Nasal and upper jaw barbels (Subg. Luciosoma)
413		A.	42 or 43 scales in the lateral line, 6 above the lateral line.
			a.	Blackish head-tail band. Caudal fin with on a blackish longitudinal band on both lobes. Ventral fin prolonged into a rather long thread.
Luciosoma (Luciosoma) setigerum Blkr.
			b.	Flanks with blackish round spots in one longitudinal row. Caudal fin with 3 longitudinal, blackish bands. Ventral fin hardly prolonged.
Luciosoma (Luciosoma) spilopleura Blkr.
	II.	No barbels. (Subg. Trinematichthys)
		A.	43 to 45 scales in the lateral line, 6 above the lateral line.
			a.	Ventral fins and anal fin prolonged into a thread. Caudal fin on both sides with a blackish longitudinal band.
Luciosoma (Trinematichthys) trinema Blkr.

Luciosoma (Luciosoma) setigerum Blkr, Nalez. vischf. v. Sumatra, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. IX p. 264. –Vierdradige Snoekkarper [Four barbeled Pike Carp].

Atl. Cypr. Tab. LI fig. 3.

Fig. 110. Luciosoma (Luciosoma) setigerum Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XLI, Fig. 2. TL figure 197 mm.

A Luciosoma (Luciosoma) with an elongate, compressed body, depth of body contained 5¾ to 6½ times in its length, width contained 1¾ to nearly 2 times in its depth. Head acute, contained 5 to 5⅔ times in length of body with caudal fin, 4 to 4⅓ times in length of body without caudal fin; depth of head contained about 1¾ times, width contained 2¼ to 2 times in its length; eye diameter contained 3¾ to about 4 times in the length of the head, eye diameter contained 1⅔ to 1¾ times in the postocular part of the head, distance between the eyes 1¼ to 1⅓ times their diameter; palpebral membrane covering the external margin of the iris only, the opening nearly circular; snout acute, in younger animals not longer than the eye, in old animals only slightly longer than the eye, not protruding anterior to the mouth; nostrils closer to the orbit than to the tip of the snout, posterior nostrils oblong, large, more than twice as large as anterior nostrils; rostro-dorsal profile sloping on the head, nearly straight, convex on the nape; interorbital line convex; 3rd suborbital bone very broad, much larger than 1st suborbital bone, posterior lower margin strongly convex; jaws nearly equal when the mouth is closed, upper jaw moderately downward protrusable, ending below the anterior half of the eye, contained twice to slightly more than twice in the length of the head; gape large, strongly oblique; nasal barbels fleshy, inserted between the nasal bones and the anterior suborbital bones, twice or more than twice as long as the eye; upper jaw barbels much longer than the eye, but much less than twice as long; lower jaw strongly ascending, at the symphysis with a conical tubercle, slightly hooked at the tip; lips medium-sized, terete; height of gill cover less than twice as great as width, lower margin nearly straight or slightly concave; Pharyngeal teeth hooked to spoon-shaped, 2.4.4/4.4.2 or 2.4.5/5.4.2; scapular bone triangular, acute; back low, lightly convex, lower than the belly; scales on the free half with ray-like stripes, 42 or 43 scales in the lateral line, 8 or 9 in a transverse row of which 6 (5½) above the lateral line, about 25? in a longitudinal row between occiput and dorsal fin; 414 lateral line curved downward, much closer to the ventral line than to the dorsal line, each scale marked by a simple tube; dorsal fin starting far behind the ventral fins, placed with the middle opposite the anterior anal rays, acute, emarginate, in younger animals not higher than the body, in old animals higher than the body, about twice as high as base length, the simple ray cartilaginous on the posterior side, thin, flexible, without teeth, not shorter or not much shorter than the body; pectoral fins acute, broad, reaching the ventral fins, contained 5 to 4½ times in the length of the body ventral fins broad, 1st ray prolonged into a thread, bifid at the tip, reaching the anal fin, contained about 4½ times in the length of the body, caudal fin scaled only at the base, with a deep incision, lobes acute, contained 4⅓ to 4⅖ times in the length of the body; anal fin acute, emarginate, not much lower to not lower than the dorsal fin, much higher than base length but much less than twice as high, the simple ray thin on the posterior side, totally cartilaginous, flexible; Colour: upper part of the body green, a deeper green on the margins of the scales, lower part silver; iris yellowish or pink, blackish-violet head-tail band in old animals continuous, in younger animals sometimes consisting of about 30 round spots arranged in a longitudinal row, merging on the upper half of the tail with the band on the upper part of the caudal fin; fins yellowish or faintly pink, dorsal, anal and caudal fin on the basal half beautiful red, caudal fin on the middle of both lobes with a blackish-violet longitudinal band.


	B. 3. D. 2/7 or 2/8 or 3/7 or 3/8. P. 1/14. V. 2/8. A. 3/6 or 3/7. C. 7/17/7 or 8/17/8, short flanking ones included.
	Syn.	Barbus setigerus Val., Poiss. XVI p. 153 fig. 469.
		Barbeau setigère Val., ibid.
		Barbus podonemus Blkr, Verh. Bat. Gen. XXIII Ichth. Midd.-Oost-Java p. 18.
		Wader Javan.
	Hab.	Java (Batavia, Bekassi, Rankasbetong, Lebak, Kediri, Surabaya, Gempol), in rivers.
		Sumatra (Lahat, Solok), in rivers.
	Length of 18 described specimens 90’’’ to 205’’’.

Remark. The description and figure of this species in the large Histoire naturelle des Poissons leave to be desired in more than one way. Thus the figure shows nothing of the longitudinal band and caudal fin bands, whereas the dorsal fin with almost its entire length is placed above the anal fin. I therefore described it at the start of 1849 during my stay in Ambawara in Central Java, far away from my cabinet, as a proper species based on specimens from Surabaya, whose state of preservation moreover left to be desired. Since then I observed many specimens on which my new description was based. However these specimens were all lost as a result of a theft of stoppered jars from my cabinet by one of my servants who sold the jars to Chinese buyers after throwing away their contents. For this reason I was unable to give further detail of certain peculiarities, I missed earlier, like those of the shape of the anteriormost suborbital bone, the being nippled of the inner side of the lips, the number of scales in a row between the head and the origin of the dorsal fin, etc.

415 Luciosoma (Luciosoma) spilopleura Blkr, Nalez. vischf. Sumatra, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. IX p. 265. – Gevlekte Snoekkarper [Spotted Pike-carp].

Atl. Cypr. Tab. LI fig. 1.

Fig. 111. Luciosoma (Luciosoma) spilopleura Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XXII, Fig. 1. TL figure 105 mm.

A Luciosoma (Luciosoma) with an elongate, compressed body, depth of body contained nearly 6 times in its length, width contained 1¾ to nearly 2 times in its depth. Head acute, contained slightly over 5 times in length of body with caudal fin, 3⅔ to 3¾ times in length of body without caudal fin; depth of head contained about 1½ times, width contained about 2¼ times in its length; eye diameter contained about 3⅖ times in the length of the head, eye diameter contained about 1⅖ times in the postocular part of the head, distance between the eyes slightly more than once the eye diameter; palpebral membrane covering the external margin of the iris only, the opening nearly circular; snout acute, slightly convex, not longer than the eye, not protruding anterior to the mouth; nostrils closer to the orbit than to the tip of the snout, posterior nostrils oblong, large, more than twice as large as anterior nostrils; rostro-dorsal profile sloping on the head, nearly straight, convex on the nape; interorbital line convex; anterior suborbital bone oblong, length much greater than depth, rounded posteriorly, anteriorly very acute, lower margin convex, oblique; 2nd suborbital bone oblong-quadrangular, much lower than 1st suborbital bone, length more than twice as great as depth; 3rd suborbital bone very broad, much larger than 1st suborbital bone, posterior lower margin strongly convex; jaws equal when the mouth is closed, upper jaw moderately downward protrusable, ending below the anterior half of the eye; contained twice in the length of the head; gape large, strongly oblique; nasal barbels fleshy, inserted between the nasal bones and the anterior suborbital bones, about twice as long as the eye; upper jaw barbels thinner than nasal barbels, only slightly longer than the eye; lower jaw strongly ascending, at the symphysis with a conical tubercle, slightly hooked at the tip; lips medium-sized, terete, on the external surface totally glabrous, on the internal (oral) surface covered with numerous short papillae; width of gill cover contained 1¼ to 1⅓ times in its depth, lower margin slightly concave; gill opening wide, ending below the posterior part of the eye. Pharyngeal teeth hooked to spoon-shaped, 2.4.5/5.4.2; scapular bone triangular; back low, lightly convex, lower than the belly; scales on the free half and generally also on the basal half with longitudinal stripes or slightly ray-like stripes, about 42 scales in the lateral line, 8 or 9 in a transverse row of which (on the middle of the body) 6 (5½) above the lateral line, about 21 in a longitudinal row between occiput and dorsal fin; lateral line curved downward, much closer to the ventral line than to the dorsal line, each scale marked by a simple tube, generally surpassing the centre of the scale; dorsal fin starting far behind the base of the ventral fins, placed with the middle rays opposite the anterior anal rays, acute, emarginate, depth contained 1⅓ to 1¼ times in the depth of the body, much higher than base length but much less than twice as high, the simple ray thin on the posterior side, flexible, totally cartilaginous, without teeth, much shorter than the body, pectoral fins acute, broad, reaching the ventral fins, contained 4⅔ to 4¾ times in the length of the body, ventral fins acute, broad, 1st ray slightly prolonged, reaching or nearly reaching the anal fin, contained about 6½ times in the length of the body; caudal fin scaled only at the base, with a deep incision, contained about 4 times in the length of the body; anal fin acute, emarginate, not lower than the dorsal fin, not much higher than base length, the simple ray thin on the posterior side, flexible, totally cartilaginous; Colour: upper part of the body green, lower part silver; iris pink or yellow; on both flanks 13 oblong-round bluish-violet spots placed in a longitudinal row; fins yellowish or pink-hyaline; caudal fin pink with 3 longitudinal blackish-violet bands, middle band on the middle of the rays, side bands starting on the short side rays of the fin and ending on the posterior margin of the fin inside the tips; dorsal and anal fin around the middle with a longitudinal, darkish band.


	B. 3. D. 2/7 or 2/8. P. 1/14. V. 2/8. A. 3/6 or 3/7. C. 8/17/8, short flanking ones included.
	Hab.	Sumatra (Lahat), in rivers.
	Length of sole specimen 108’’’.

416 Remark. This species is closely related to Luciosoma setigerum, however certainly a proper species. It is primarily recognizable by its single row of large elongated not numerous lateral spots and three dark caudal fin bands, of which the middle one covers the centre of the fin and the lateral ones begin on the short edged rays and leave the fin tips free; moreover by the longitudinal dorsal and anal fin bands, the little elongated pelvic fins, the relatively large eyes, longer barbels, etc.

I also see this species well recognisable depicted in the album of Siamese fishes of Count de Castelnau.

Luciosoma (Luciosoma) trinema Blkr. – Driedradige Snoekkarper [Three threaded Pike-carp].

Atl. Cypr. Tab. LII fig. 4.

Fig. 112. Luciosoma (Luciosoma) trinema Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XLI, Fig. 3. TL figure 218 mm.

A Luciosoma (Trinematichthys) with an elongate, compressed body, depth of body contained 5¾ to 6 times in its length, width contained 1⅔ times to nearly twice in its depth. Head acute, not convex, contained slightly over 5 to 5½ times in length of body with caudal fin, 4⅕ to 4¼ times in length of body without caudal fin, crown scaleless; depth of head contained about 1⅔ times in its length, width nearly 2 times; eyes superior, eye diameter contained nearly 4 to slightly over 4 times in the length of the head, eye diameter contained 1⅔ to 1¾ times in the postocular part of the head, distance between the eyes 1¼ to 1⅖ their diameter; palpebral membrane covering the external margin of the iris only, the opening nearly circular; rostro-dorsal profile on the head sloping, nearly straight, on nape and back convex; interorbital line convex; snout acute, rounded, not convex, hardly or not longer than the eye, tip located approximately anterior to the middle of the eye; nostrils much closer to the orbit than to the tip of the snout, posterior nostrils about twice as large as anterior nostrils; anterior suborbital bone oblong, nearly triangular, length greater than depth, at the shorter base convex or with an obtuse backward pointing angle, upper and lower sides longer, at the front united into a slightly acutely rounded forward and slightly upward pointing angle, in the middle traversed by a longitudinal, backward descending crest; 2nd suborbital bone elongate-quadrangular, hardly deeper posteriorly than anteriorly, length about twice as great as depth, less than twice as low as 1st suborbital bone; 3rd and 4th suborbital bones very broad, nearly reaching the posterior margin of the preoperculum, not much thinner than the eye diameter; especially oral margins of jaws acute particularly anteriorly, upper jaw hardly shorter than lower jaw, moderately downward protrusable, profoundly emarginate at the symphysis, ending below the pupil, contained slightly more than twice in the length of the head; lower jaw emarginate towards the symphysis, symphysis itself provided with a medium-sized hook entering the intermaxillary incision, branches obliquely compressed, the lower part with several little visible pores in one longitudinal row; lips thin, terete, on the oral surface transversely rugose, groove of upper lip short, ending slightly anterior to the angle of the mouth, groove of lower lip extending from the angle of the mouth up to the inframaxillary incision; gape strongly oblique; width of gill cover contained about 1½ times in its depth, lower margin nearly straight; gill opening ending hardly behind the posterior margin of the eye. Pharyngeal teeth predatory, lightly hooked, 2.4.5/5.4.2, each below the hook with a superficial, oblong, hardly conspicuous small fossa; dorsal line of the body convex, not much higher than convex belly; belly between pectoral and ventral fins flat, broad, rest lightly compressed, rounded, not ridged; scales oblique (lower angle conspicuous, located anterior to conspicuous upper angle) on the free half and generally also on the basal half with longitudinal or slightly ray-like stripes, towards the tail gradually decreasing in size, 43 to 45 scales in the lateral line, 9 in a transverse row of which 6 (5½) above the lateral line, 21 or 22 in a longitudinal row between the occiput and the dorsal fin, scales 417 in the thoraco-gular region much smaller than the postaxillary scales; lateral line strongly curved in a regular manner, much closer to the base of the ventral fins than to the dorsal profile, posteriorly gradually ascending and ending at the middle of the base of the caudal fin, each scale marked by a simple tube, generally not surpassing the centre of the scale; scapular bone triangular, tip acute; dorsal fin starting far behind the base of the ventral fins, placed with the posterior rays opposite the anterior anal rays, scaleless at the base, acute, emarginate, depth contained 1⅓ to 1¼ times in the depth of the body, much higher than base length but much less than twice as high, the simple 2nd ray thin, cartilaginous, much shorter than the head; pectoral fins inserted nearly horizontally, scaled at the base, longer than the head, contained 4⅔ to 4⅖ times in the length of the body, reaching the ventral fins, the simple ray solid; ventral fins inserted in the lowest part of the belly, acute, without thread much shorter than pectoral fins, 2nd simple ray prolonged into a thread, reaching the posterior part of the anal fin; anal fin at the base lightly scaled, acute, emarginate, the simple third ray thin, cartilaginous, prolonged into a thread nearly reaching the caudal fin, without thread not or hardly lower than dorsal fin, higher than base length; caudal fin scaled only at the base, with a deep incision, lobes acute, lower lobe longer than upper lobe, contained slightly over 4 to 4¼ times in the length of the body. Colour: upper part of the body green, lower part silver, anterior part of the back and upper part of the head deeply olive ; iris yellow; dark-violet head-tail band on the anterior half of the body little conspicuous or composed from separate spots, on the tail rather broad, very conspicuous, located above the lateral line; fins pink or yellowish- pink; dorsal and anal fin anteriorly at midheight with 2 to 4 blackish-violet spots, caudal fin on the middle of both lobes with a broad, blackish-violet longitudinal band, upper band merging with head-tail band.


	B. 3. D. 2/7 or 2/8. P. 1/15 or 1/16. V. 2/8. A. 3/6 or 3/7. C. 5/17/7 or 5/17/8, short flanking ones included.
	Syn.	Leuciscus trinema Blkr, Diagn. beschr. nieuw. vischs. Sumatra, Nat. T. Ned. Ind. III p. 600.
	Hab.	Sumatra (Palembang), in rivers.
		Borneo (Sintang), in rivers.
	Length of 2 specimens 175’’’ and 226’’’.

Remark. I discovered this species in the year 1852 and described it after my specimen from Palembang. Since then I received a larger and better preserved specimen from the interior of West Borneo. The species seems to be rare on both islands or at least inhabits rather the higher regions of the drainage areas.

Perilampus McCL., Ind. Cypr. Asiat. Res. XIX p. 39; Heck., Fisch. Syr. p. 45. – Brush carp.

Body oblong or slightly elongate, compressed, covered with large scales, back lower than belly. Jaws covered by thin, simple lips, upper lip slightly protrusable. Barbels 4, nasal barbels fleshy, upper jaw barbels very long, setaceous. Snout acute, low, not protruding anterior to the mouth, tip located anterior to or above the upper margin of the eye. Eyes posterior, not covered by palpebral membrane. Mouth anterior, oblique gape ending anterior to the eye. Scales on the body nearly equal in size, nuchal scales starting behind the eye. Belly not keeled. Ventral fins 418 inserted in the lowest part of the belly. Lateral line strongly curved, very much closer to the ventral line than to the dorsal line. Dorsal fin with several rays, partly located above the anal fin, posterior simple ray totally cartilaginous. Pectoral fins shorter than the head. Anal fin with many rays, much longer than dorsal fin. Caudal fin hardly emarginate.

Remark. I accept the generic name Perilampus of Mr MacClelland only for a few species that were placed in it by him, and conceive it only in restricted sense. The way Mr MacClelland described it, it also contained species of Chela, Laubuca, Devario and Esomus. At least his Perilampus devario and ostreographus belong to Devario; his Perilampus percus, psilopterus and cachius to Chela; his Perilampus recurvirostris, macropterus and thermophilus to Esomus; his Perilampus guttatus to Laubucca and his Perilampus aequipinnatus maybe to Opsarius. All those species are excluded by the above given diagnosis, which defines a genus that is closely related to Esomus and principally differs from it by a lateral line which runs visible closely to the belly profile, short pectoral fins, which are shorter than the head, a multirayed anal fin, which is remarkably longer than the dorsal fin. The dentition is not known and one finds oneself also in uncertainty regarding the peculiar stucture of the jaws. But it may be expected that these will not differ from those in Esomus.

Heckel accepted the genus Perilampus McCl. in a completely different sense and liked to restrict it to the characters of Chela with long, pelvic fins implanted closer to the pectoral fins. Of both species he placed in Perilampus, Perilampus psilopteromus McCl. belongs to Chela and Perilampus macropterus McCl. to Esomus, as was already said above.

Esomus Swains., Nat. Hist. Fish. II p. 285; Heck., Fisch. Syr. p. 44 = Nuria Val., Poiss. XVI p. 181. Nuria.

Body elongate or slightly elongate, compressed, covered with large scales, back not or hardly lower than belly. Jaws covered by thin, simple lips, upper lip slightly protrusable. Barbels 4, nasal barbels fleshy, close to upper jaw barbels, upper jaw barbels very long, setaceous. Snout short, low, not protruding anterior to the mouth, tip located anterior to or above the upper margin of the eye. Anterior suborbital bone triangular, tip acute, pointing downward. Eyes posterior, not covered by palpebral 419 membrane. Mouth anterior, strongly oblique gape ending anterior to the eye. Upper jaw at the symphysis prominent, not emarginate. Lower jaw not or hardly shorter than upper jaw, without tubercle or hook at the symphysis. Scales on the body nearly equal in size, nuchal scales starting behind the eye. Belly not keeled. Ventral fins inserted in the lowest part of the belly. No visible lateral line. Dorsal fin with few rays, totally or largely located above the anal fin, posterior simple ray totally cartilaginous. Pectoral fins shorter than the head. Gill opening ending below the preoperculum. Pharyngeal teeth acute, not or hardly curved 5/5.

Remark. Swainson based his genus Esomus on Cyprinus danrica Buch. and described it rather well. Mr Valenciennes described the same genus about three years later with the name Nuria.

Esomus is a natural and sharply characterized genus, which as far as relationship is concerned, stands between Chela, Luciosoma and Laubuca, genera in which the dorsal fin is placed partly or entirely above the anal fin. It misses the sharply keeled belly of Chela and Laubuca, just like the multi-rayed anal fin of these genera. The structure of the mouth parts in essence answers to that of Laubuca, although the lower jaw is remarkably higher. Similarly the scales start further behind the eyes. The genus moreover is peculiar by its long barbels, of which the upper jaw barbels are brush-like stiff, at least in the single species in my possession. Moreover, the barbels, just like in the remaining four barbeled species, are real snout barbels and upper jaw barbels, and not all four upper jaw barbels (lipbarbels following the terminology of Mr Valenciennes) as indicated by Mr Valenciennes. The fact is, at least in Esomus danrica, that the snout barbels are implanted far posterior at the edge of the snout close to the upper jaw barbels. The nearness may be the reason they were mistaken for upper jaw barbels. The dentition moreover possesses the peculiarity that it consists of only 5 slender, not or hardly curved, acute teeth which are placed in a single row.

Apart from this dentition and by the peculiarity of the upper jaw barbels, Esomus differs from Lusiosoma, the genus with which it has the most close relationship, by the structure of the mouth parts, as in Luciosoma the gape is very wide, the upper jaw concave at the symphysis, and the lower jaw provided with a process at the symphysis, which fits in the incision of the upper jaw.

420 Tinca Rond.; Cuv., Règn. Anim. ed. 1a II p. 193; Ag., Mém. Neuch. I; Heck., Fisch. Syr. p. 38; Heck. Kner., Fisch. oestr. Mon. p. 75. – Tench.

Body oblong, compressed, covered with small scales, back angular. Jaws enclosed in terete, simple lips, upper lip slightly protrusable. Barbels 2, upper jaw barbels. Snout convex, not protruding anterior to the mouth. Eyes superior, not covered by palpebral membrane. Mouth anterior, small, oblique gape ending anterior to the eye. Lower jaw not shorter than upper jaw, not hooked at the symphysis. Upper jaw not emarginate at the symphysis. Dorsal fin starting behind ventral fins and ending anterior to anal fin, with few rays, scaleless at the base, posterior simple ray cartilaginous, without teeth. Anal fin shorter than dorsal fin, with few rays. Caudal fin slightly emarginate. Belly not keeled. Lateral line slightly curved. Pharyngeal teeth clavate 4/5. Swimbladder bilobed.

Remark. After having proposed the genus Gobio, which he defined on its short dorsal and anal fins without spines and by its barbels, Cuvier distinguished the genus Tinca from it only by its very small scales. Mr Agassiz added to that as generic character the plumpness of the body, the small concaveness of the caudal fin, and the clubshape of the pharyngeal teeth. Heckel defined the formula of these teeth and added to the diagnosis also the roundness of the dorsal and anal fin, the dorsal fin being implanted posterior to the pelvic fins, the mouth opening being terminal and the mucousness of the scales.

Mr Valenciennes has made various objections against the characters drafted by Cuvier and Mr Agassiz. He is of the opinion that the genera Gobio Cuv. and Tinca Cuv. in essence do not differ from each other and that therefore one of both names has to be removed from the row of the genera. The objections of Mr Valenciennes judged properly, indeed are not without weight, however, when one keeps in mind the differences in habitus of Tinca and the species of Gobio, which with regard to the body shapes are build on entirely different types, otherwise necessarily subjective characters gain a higher value and they can serve to translate as it were the more important character of the general structure of the body, which cannot be easily expressed in words. Together with most of the more recent ichthyologists I therefore believe that Tinca Cuv. indeed represents a natural genus, and that there is no reason to unite it with Gobio.

421 Argyreus Heck., Fisch Syr. p. 50; Gir., Cypr. Unit. Stat. Proceed. Acad. Nat. Scienc. Philad. VIII p. 185. – Rhinichthys Ag., Lake super. p. 353 = Agosia Gir. l.c. p. 186. – Nose carp.

Body elongate, slightly terete, covered with small, membranous scales, back low. Jaws, upper jaw enclosed in a terete, simple lip, lower jaw with a cartilaginous edge, not labiate? Barbels 2, upper jaw barbels. Snout conical, more or less protruding anterior to the mouth. Mouth inferior, gape in shape reminding of a horse shoe when the mouth is closed, ending anterior to the eye. Eyes superior, not covered by palpebral membrane. Lateral line straight. Belly not keeled. Dorsal fin with few rays, starting above or hardly behind ventral fins and ending anterior to anal fin, posterior simple ray totally cartilaginous. Anal fin with few rays, shorter than dorsal fin. Pharyngeal teeth predatory, 1.4/4.2 or 2.4/4.2 or 4/4.

Remark. In 1842 Heckel based the genus Agyreus on Cyprinus atronasus Mitch. Mr Agassiz placed the same species in his genus Rhinichthys, which he erected in 1850 after his Rhinichthys marmoratus and then still considered to belong to the Catostomines. However much both these genera are the same, one would not conclude that from the diagnoses of both ichthyologists. Mr Girard restored the generic name proposed by Heckel and placed no less than 9 different species in it.

If Argyreus and Rhinichthys had not been erected by Heckel and Mr Agassiz, I would not hesitate to place the genus in the Chondrostmines. The structure of the mouth parts, as I see them depicted in Argyreus atronasus Heck. and Rhichthys marmoratus Ag. in every way give occasion to that and Mr Girard even talks of a cartilaginous membranous sheath, which in some species would loosely cover the lower jaw, just like it is generally found in Chondrostomines and Labeonines. The genus should be investigated in more detail concerning its place in the natural system.

The genus Agosia, proposed by Mr Girard, would mainly differ from Argyreus as its pharyngeal teeth, although of the same shape as in Argyreus, possess a chewing plane and are placed in a single row (4/4). It will probably have to be combined with Argyreus. If Argyreus indeed belongs to the Cheilognathines, it is related to Gobio.

422 Chrosomus Raf., Ichth. Ohiens.; Agass., Fish. Tennessee River, Amer. Journ. Sc. and Arts 2d Ser. Vol. XVII, Ichth. Faun. Pacif. Slope N. Amer. Ibid. Vol. XIX. – Color carp.

Body elongate, fusiform, covered with small, membranous scales. Jaws covered by simple lips. No barbels. Head slightly conical, snout slightly acute, protruding a little anterior to the mouth. Mouth terminal. Lateral line hardly curved, hardly interrupted, nearly continuous. Dorsal fin with few rays, posterior simple ray totally cartilaginous. Anal fin with few rays. Pharyngeal teeth slightly hooked at the tip 5/5, chewing surface thin.

Remark. Mr Agassiz considers the genus Chrosomus as very closely related to Phoxinus, from which it also only seems to differ by a more continuing lateral line, a more spindle shaped body, a more acute head, a shorter lower jaw, some peculiarities in the structure of scales and lateral line and a somewhat differently shaped and formulated pharyngeal jaw teeth. Chrosomus erythogaster till now is the only known species.

Tiaroga Gir., Cypr. Fish. Unit. Stat. Acad. Nat. Scienc. Philad. VIII p. 204. – Tiaroga.

Body elongate, slightly fusiform-compressed, covered with small scales. Jaws enclosed in terete, simple lips. No barbels. Head slightly conical, depressed. Snout not protruding anterior to the mouth. Mouth terminal, gape medium-sized, oblique. Upper jaw slightly longer than lower jaw. Eyes superior. Lateral line not or hardly curved. Dorsal fin with few rays, beginning posterior to the ventral fins, posterior simple ray cartilaginous. Anal fin with few rays. Isthmus very broad. Pharyngeal teeth predatory 1.3/3.1, no chewing surface.

Remark. Mr Girard places only one species in this genus, his Tiaroge cobitia. In relationship it seems to stand between Chrosomus and Phoxinus, and to differ from these by a smaller gill slit and the formula of its pharyngeal teeth, which do not possess a chewing plane.

Phoxinus Rondel.; Ag., Mem Neuchat. I; Heck., Fisch Syr. p. 50; Heck. Kner, Fisch. oestr. Mon. p. 210. – Pril.

Body elongate, fusiform, covered with very small scales, back 423 low. Jaws enclosed in terete, simple lips. No barbels. Snout obtuse, convex, hardly protruding anterior to the mouth. Anterior suborbital bone not elongate. Eyes superior, not covered by palpebral membrane. Mouth anterior, gape slightly oblique, ending anterior to the eye. Upper jaw not emarginate at the symphysis, lower jaw shorter than upper jaw, not hooked at the symphysis. Dorsal fin beginning posterior to the ventral fins and ending hardly anterior to the anal fin, with few rays, scaleless at the base, posterior simple ray cartilaginous, without teeth. Anal fin not longer than dorsal fin, with few rays. Caudal fin moderately emarginate, lobes acute. Belly not keeled. Lateral line hardly curved. Isthmus very broad. Pharyngeal teeth predatory 2.4/4.2 or 2.5/4.2.

Remark. The genera Gobio and Tinca, in the classification placed far away from Phoxinus, to me appear to be related. Phoxinus has the scales and the small concave caudal fin of Tinca and resembles Gobio in body shape and dentition. It differs from both genera by the absence of barbels and a far posteriorly implanted dorsal fin. Cyprinus phoxinus L. till now is the only known species of this genus.

Phoxinellus Heck., Fisch. Syr. p. 49: Heck., Fisch. oestr. Mon. p. 245 – Bare skin carp.

Body elongate, fusiform, skin scaleless, scales only in the lateral line, back low. Jaws enclosed in terete, simple lips. No barbels. Snout obtuse, convex, hardly protruding anterior to the mouth. Anterior suborbital bone not elongate. Eyes superior, not covered by palpebral membrane. Mouth anterior, gape slightly oblique, ending anterior to the eye. Upper jaw not emarginate at the symphysis, lower jaw shorter than upper jaw, not hooked at the symphysis. Dorsal fin beginning posterior to the ventral fins and ending anterior to the anal fin, with few rays, scaleless at the base, posterior simple ray cartilaginous, without teeth. Anal fin not longer than dorsal fin, with few rays. Caudal fin strongly emarginate, lobes acute. Belly not keeled. Lateral line moderately curved. Pharyngeal teeth grinding 5/4.

Remark. The genus Phoxinellus, as it is copied above, with some changes, from Heckel, is very closely related to Phoxinus, but distinguishes 424 itself from it by the absence of scales on the body except for the lateral line (which ends approximately above the vent), as well as by single rowed pharyngeal teeth.

Heckel placed in the genus, apart from the typical European species (Phoxinellus alepidotus) also a species from Syria, which he named Phoxinellus zeregi. However, this species cannot belong the same genus, as it differs from the European species by a totally different habitus of its body and snout, regular scales over the entire body and a rather well developed dorsal fin spine. This species therefore will have to be placed in a proper genus of its own, which I propose to name Pseudophoxinus.

Cirrhina Cuv., Regn. Anim. ed. 1a II p. 193; Valenc. Poiss. XVI 217 = Isocephalus Heck., Fisch. Syr. p. 39. – Snout barbel carp.

Body oblong, compressed, covered with large scales, back elevated. Jaws enclosed in terete, simple lips. Barbels 2, nasal barbels. Snout convex, not or hardly protruding anterior to the mouth. Eyes superior, not covered by palpebral membrane. Mouth anterior, oblique gape ending anterior to the eye. Upper jaw not emarginate at the symphysis, lower jaw slightly shorter than upper jaw, not hooked at the symphysis. Dorsal fin starting anterior to ventral fins and ending far anterior to anal fin, with few rays, scaleless at the base, posterior simple ray cartilaginous, without teeth. Pectoral fins shorter than the head. Anal fin shorter than dorsal fin, with few rays. Caudal fin with a deep incision, lobes acute. Belly not keeled. Lateral line slightly curved. Pharyngeal teeth…?

Remark. When Cuvier proposed the genus Cirrhina, he simply characterized it as having a larger dorsal fin than Gobio and the barbels in the middle of the upper lip. He placed in it only Cyprinus cirrhosus Bl. and later also Cyprinus mrigala Buch. and Cyprinus nandina Buch.

Mr MacClelland accepting the Cuvierian name in a slightly changed form as Cirrhinus, described it in a totally different way as follows: “Lower jaw composed of two short limbs loosely attached together in front, where instead of a prominent apex, there is a depression; lips soft and fleshy with four cirri; dorsal without spiny rays”. By this diagnosis the genus was reduced to the Acheilognathines, however the 9 species considered to belong to Cirrhinus by Mr MacClelland, belong to different genera, to Rohita, Morulis, Labeo, Hypselobarbus, etc., just like the Cuvierian species belong to the genera Mrigala and Rohita.

425 Mr Valenciennes gave a new diagnosis of Cirrhina and drafted the characters of it as follows “elles n’ont que deux barbillons, les maxillaries (rostrales mihi) seuls ou les anterieurs sont restés; les labiaux manquent, elles ont une dorsale de moyenne étendue, sans épines; tous les rayons sont flexibles et les lèvres, minces, ne donnent à la bouche aucune forme particulière. Le museau n’est pas avancé au dessous (dessus) de l’ouverture orale” [they have only two barbels, only the maxillary barbels {my rostral barbels} or the anterior ones have remained, the lipbarbels are lacking, they have a medium sized dorsal fin, without spines, only flexible rays, and the thin lips, do not give the mouth a special shape. The snout is not extended below the mouth opening.]. By this diagnosis the position of Cirrhinus in the classification again was made entirely doubtful, and moreover the species, placed by Mr Valenciennes in his genus Cirrhinus, belong to very different genera. It seems however, that it was the intention to include only the round lipped species in the genus, by which it would have been arranged in the department of the Cheilognathines.

It is in this sense that I have conceived and described this genus above. However, in this way remain excluded all species of Cuvier and of Mr MacClelland and also various species of Mr Valenciennes himself. Heckel did not accept the genus Cirrhina but resolved it in his genus Isocephalus, which is nothing else then a combination of very diverse species, none of which was examined by Heckel from nature. It comprises species of Cirrhina, Mrigala, Labeo and even of Schismatorhynchos.

I exclude from Cirrhina all species that with regard to their lip structure belong to the Phalacrognathines and then the genus is immediately sharply defined by its snout barbels (in the absence of lip barbels) and the absence of a dorsal fin spine. The species, which then remain, are small in number, and as I know none of these species from nature and the existing descriptions and figures do not shed enough light over them, their lip structure remains to be defined further. Judging from the illustration of Mr Valen-ciennes, Cirrhina Dussumieri Val. definitively seems to be a Cirrhina in the sense described in the diagnosis and it is also this species that I consider to be the type and at the same time the only one known of the genus till now.

Gobio Cuv., Règn. an. ed. 1^a II p. 193; Ag., Mém. Neuch. I; Heck. Fisch. Syr.; Heck. Kner, Fisch. oestr. Monarch. p. 90; Gir., Cypr. N. Am. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil. VIII 1856 p. 188. – Gudgeon.

Body elongate, fusiform-compressed, covered with large or medium-sized scales, back low. Jaws enclosed in terete, simple lips, upper jaw moderately protrusable. Barbels 2, upper jaw barbels. Snout convex, prolonged, not or slightly protruding anterior to the mouth. Anterior suborbital bone elongate. Eyes superior, not covered by palpebral membrane. 426 Mouth anterior, gape nearly horizontal, ending anterior to the eye. Upper jaw not emarginate at the symphysis, lower jaw shorter than upper jaw, not hooked at the symphysis. Dorsal fin starting in front or hardly behind ventral fins and ending far anterior to anal fin, with few rays, scaleless at the base, posterior simple ray cartilaginous, without teeth.Pectoral fins shorter than the head. Anal fin shorter than dorsal fin, with few rays. Caudal fin deeply emarginate, lobes acute. Belly not keeled. Lateral line hardly curved. Pharyngeal teeth predatory teeth 2.5/5.2, or 2.4/4.1, or 3.5/5.2. Swimbladder bilobed.

Remark. The species presented by authors as extra-European species of Gobio in habitus exhibit such large differences with the European or typical species, that they do deserve a new detailed investigation to further determine their true relationships. For some of these species it can be determined with certainty that they do not belong to Gobio. Thus Gobio barbus T. Schl. from Japan in my opinion is a Pseudogobio. – Gobio bendilisis Val. from Bengal probably belongs to the genus Opsarius; Gobio angra McCl. Val. most probably to Labeo. The Abysinian species, described and depicted by Mr Rüppell as Gobio hirticeps and Gobio quadrimaculatus, I rather consider to belong to the genus Chrossocheilos. Gobio boga McCl., Gobio pangusia McCl., and Gobio isurus McCl. are species of Labeo. Gobio ricnorhynchos McCl. and Gobio malacostomus McCl. belong to the genus Schismatorhynchos. The archipelagic species, which I myself earlier described as belonging to Gobio, are further defined by me as being species of Lobocheilos. Moreover, Heckel is inclined to consider Gobio damascinus Val. as a species of his genus Scaphiodon and the habitus of Gobius cataractae Val considerably departs, especially with regard to the head, from the typical European species. When both last species are included in Gobio, 10 species of the genus are now known.

Sarcochelichthys Blkr. – Fleshy lip carp.

Body slightly elongate, compressed, covered with large scales, back low. Jaws enclosed in terete, very fleshy lips? No barbels. Snout convex, strongly elevated, truncate, protruding anterior to the mouth. Eyes superior, not covered by palpebral membrane. Mouth nearly terminal, gape slightly oblique, small, ending anterior to the eye. Upper jaw not emarginate at the symphysis, lower jaw shorter than upper jaw, not hooked at the symphysis. 427 Lateral line hardly curved. Dorsal fin starting anterior to ventral fins and ending far anterior to anal fin, with few rays, scaleless at the base, posterior simple ray flexible, without teeth. Pectoral fins shorter than the head. Anal fin shorter than dorsal fin, with few rays. Caudal fin with a deep incision, lobes acute. Belly not keeled.

Remark. I erect the genus Sarcocheilichthys on the basis of the species described and figured by the famous authors of the Fauna Japonica with the name Leuciscus va-riegates. This species departs so much in habitus from the other the remaining Leuciscinnes, that it appears to me to be the type of a genus of its own. However, the characters cannot be sufficiently determined from the data of Mr Schlegel, as not enough attention has been paid there to peculiarities of the structure of jaws and lips and the dentition has not been mentioned at all.

I am even not averse to the idea that the species belongs to the Labeonines, and therefore has a jaw and lip structure which answers to that, a point however, which should be examined further after nature. It seems to be an intermediate form between the Labeonines and the Catostomines and is not without a certain resemblance to Gobio and Morara as well.

Elopichthys Blkr. – Lizard carp.

Body elongate, slightly compressed, covered with medium-sized scales, back very low. Jaws covered by thin, simple lips. No barbels. Snout acute, prolonged, not protruding anterior to the mouth. Nasal bones strongly developed. Mouth anterior, gape oblique, large, ending below the eye. Upper jaw slightly protrusable, not emarginate at the symphysis? Lower jaw not shorter than upper jaw, at the symphysis with a tubercle, hooked at the tip. Eyes superior, not covered by palpebral membrane. Belly not keeled. Dorsal fin starting above or hardly behind the base of ventral fins and ending far anterior to anal fin, with few rays, scaleless at the base, posterior simple ray totally cartilaginous. Anal fin with several rays, not longer than dorsal fin. Pectoral fins shorter than the head. Ventral fins inserted in the lowest part of the belly. Lateral line strongly curved. Swimbladder trilobed.

Remark. The genus Elopichthys, which I propose to name so because of the resemblance of the habitus of the species with Elopus saurus L., is related to 428 Aspius and Opsarius. I suspect that the upper jaw is not concave at its outer edge, however the existing descriptions and illustrations of both known species give no information concerning that. I suspect this on the basis of similarity in structure of the snout with those of Thynnichthys and Catla, whose sharp and peculiar habitus is caused by a further development of the nasal bones. In Elopichthys these bones are extremely strong developed, at least I do not believe that Mr Richardson, in his diagnosis of Leuciscus bambusa, mentioning the “intermaxilaribus robustis duris acie instructis” [the robust, hard intermaxillary (= premaxillary) bones set in a row] has had the intermaxillary [= premaxillary], but the nasal bones in front of him and that its intermaxillary bones, just like in Thynnichthys, are thin and hidden under the nasal bones when they are not expanded [protruded]. I myself at least committed a similar mistake during my first investigation of the species of Thynnichthys. However a further examination soon taught me this, as the thin intramaxillary bones with a pair of tweezers could easily be pulled out from under the nasal bones. It seems to me that if my opinion regarding the above mentioned assertion of Mr Richardson is correct, one of the generic characters of the genus Elo-pichthys will have to be sought in the extraordinary development of the nasal bones. The dentition is not known, but it will probably also be found to differ from that of Aspius and Opsarius. Among the generic characters of Elopichthys moreover can be brought the long tail, the large distance between the dorsal and the anal fin, the shortness of the anal fin and the tripartite swimbladder.

Aspius Ag., Mem. Soc. Neuch. I.; Heck., Fisch. Syr. p. 46; Heck. Kner, Fisch. oestr. Mon. p. 142. – Schied.

Body elongate, slightly terete, covered with medium-sized or large scales, back low, not or hardly higher than the belly. Jaws covered by simple lips, upper jaw protrusable, emarginate at the symphysis, lower jaw prominent, at the symphysis with a tubercle entering the intermaxillary incision. No barbels. Snout acute, not protruding anterior to the mouth. Mouth superior, gape strongly oblique, ending below the eye. Eyes superior, not covered by palpebral membrane. Lateral line strongly curved, closer to the ventral line than to the dorsal line. Belly not keeled anterior to ventral fins, behind ventral fins not ridged. Dorsal fin with few rays, starting behind ventral fins and ending hardly anterior to anal fin, posterior simple ray totally cartilaginous. Pectoral fins much shorter than the head. Anal fin with 429 several rays, much longer to slightly longer than dorsal fin. Pharyngeal teeth predatory, cylindrical, smooth 3.5/5.3 or 2.5/5.2.

Remark. Aspius is closest related to Alburnus, but sharply separated from it by larger mouth slit, which extends till under the eye, and the not being keeled of the belly behind the pelvic fins, whereas the teeth formula is also somewhat different. It also remains a question here, to what extend generic value can be attached to these characters. Having a keeled or a rounded belly in certain genera, [as] in Systomus and Cyclocheilichthys, at most is a character for the distinguishing of species. The large mouth slit in generic respect seems to be of more value. Anyway the species of Aspius have a peculiar habitus, which is caused by the large mouth slit, by the small superior eyes and the acute snout being more elongated. The genus is based on Cyprinus aspius L., whereas Heckel has also placed some Asiatic species in Aspius. I believe that his Squalius berag and Squalius lepidus can also be placed in it and moreover Squalius albus Bp., Squalius Turkyi Heck., Squalius microlepis Heck., Squalius tenellus Heck. and maybe some other species.

Gila Baird Gir., Rep. Exped. Zuni a. Colorado rivers, Fish. p. 148; Gir., Cypr. Fish. Un. Stat. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phil. VIII p. 205. = Tigoma Gir. ib. p. 205 = Cheonda Gir., ib. p. 207 – Gila.

Body elongate, compressed, covered with small or medium-sized unequal scales, back rather elevated. Jaws nearly equal, covered by terete, simple lips. No barbels. Snout acute, prolonged, depressed, not protruding anterior to the mouth. Mouth terminal, gape large, oblique, ending below the eye. Eyes superior, not covered by palpebral membrane. Lateral line slightly or moderately curved. Belly not keeled. Dorsal fin starting behind ventral fin and ending above or hardly anterior to anal fin, with few rays, posterior simple ray cartilaginous. Pectoral fins partly inserted in the lowest part of the belly. Anal fin with several rays, not or only slightly longer than dorsal fin. Tail thin. Isthmus narrow. Pharyngeal teeth predatory, compressed 1.4/5.2 or 2.5/5.2.

Remark. Togoma Gir. and Cheonda Gir. differ too little from Gila, to consider them as genera different from it, reason why they are united here. The 430 genus in habitus most resembles Aspius, and seems to be its substitute in America just like Ptychocheilus Ag. I even doubt it very much whether it can be separated as a genus from Ptychocheilus. However, I don’t know any figure of Ptychocheilus, the species of which seem to possess a squatter, strong tail and a smaller gill opening, whereas Mr Agassiz mentions the broad transeverse plied lips of Ptychocheilus.

Ptychocheilus Ag., Ichth. faun. Pacif. Sl. N. Am., Am. J. Sc. Arts 2d Ser. Vol. XIX; Gir., Cypr. Fish. Unit. Stat., Pros. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil. VIII p. 208 = Clinostomus Gir., ib. p. 211 – Ply-lip Carp

Body oblong or elongate, fusiform- compressed, covered with medium-sized unequal scales. Jaws enclosed in fleshy, simple lips. No barbels. Head elongate, snout acute, prolonged, hardly protruding anterior to the mouth. Mouth terminal or slightly terminal, gape large. Lower jaw sometimes longer than upper jaw. Eyes superior, not covered by palpebral membrane. Lateral line moderately curved. Belly not keeled Dorsal fin starting behind ventral fins, with few rays, posterior simple ray cartilaginous. Anal fin with several rays, not or hardly longer than dorsal fin. Tail robust. Isthmus medium-sized. Pharyngeal teeth predatory 2.4/4/2 or 2.5/4.2 or 2.5/5.2 or 1.4/4.2, no chewing surface.

Remark. Ptychocheilus seems to be closely related to Aspius and with the very closely related genus Gila to replace Aspius in the new world. – Clinostomus Gir. essentially cannot be distinguished from it, and I am even inclined, as is already mentioned above, to neither consider Gila Baird as essentially different.

Opsarius McCl., Ind. Cypr. Res. Asiat. Soc. Beng. XIX p. 295, 413; Heck., Fisch. Syr. p. 53. – Shakra.

Body oblong or slightly elongate, compressed, covered with large or medium-sized scales, back lower than elevated belly. Jaws covered by thin, simple lips, upper lip slightly protrusable. Barbels 4, nasal and upper jaw barbels, or 2 upper jaw barbels or none. Snout acute, not protruding anterior to the mouth. Mouth anterior, gape strongly oblique, ending below the eye or behind the eye. Upper jaw emarginate at the symphysis. 431 Lower jaw not shorter than upper jaw, at the symphysis generally hooked with a bony tubercle. Eyes superior, not covered by palpebral membrane. Dorsal fin with few rays, starting above or mostly behind ventral fins and ending slightly anterior to or above anal fin, posterior simple ray totally cartilaginous. Pectoral fins shorter than the head. Anal fin with several rays, longer than dorsal fin. Lateral line strongly curved, closer to the ventral line than to the dorsal line. Teeth predatory 2.3.5/5.3.2 or 2.3.4/4.3.2.

Subg. Shacra Blkr. - Nasal and upper jaw barbels.

Subg. Bendilisis Blkr. - Upper barbels only.

Subg. Opsarius Blkr. - No barbels.

Remark. The genus Opsarius was first proposed by Mr MacClelland, however not entirely in the same sense as it is described above. He also included the species of Chela, a genus which was already accepted earlier by Buchanan and Cuvier, species moreover, which depart remarkably from those of Opsarius as accepted here.

It is difficult to define the borders between Aspius and Opsarius. The difference mainly seem to lie in the fact that the body in Opsarius is remarkably more compressed and also more slender in habitus with the belly line more convex than the back line, and that the pharyngeal jaw teeth are placed in three rows.

I do not know the genus from nature. It does not seem to occur in the Indian archipelago, but on the contrary to be represented in numerous species in the waters of South-Asia and the Japanese islands, whereas one species seems to occur even in the Nile.

By far the most species have no barbels. I have placed all these species in the subgenus Opsarius, while I propose the subgeneric name Bendilisis for the species with two barbels and Shacra for those with four barbels. The numerous species in various peculiarities are rather variable, in particular however in the place of implantation of the dorsal fin. In the Japanese species the dorsal fin is implanted above the pelvic fins, which is also the case in some Bengalese species. In most cases however, the dorsal fin starts at a smaller or larger distance from the pelvic fins and usually ends only above the first part of the anal fin. Among the Japanese species there are a few, which posses shapes that answer more to those in Aspius, however they differ rather sharply from these by a dorsal fin that starts above the pelvics and three rowed pharyngeal jaw teeth.

432 In the meantime I am of the opinion that a general review of all species is necessary after the in this work proposed concentration of the genera placed in the genera Abramis, Scardinius, Leuciscus, Alburnus, Aspius and Opsarius, and at the same time one should look for foundations for their better determinations.

Leptobarbus Blkr. – Slender carp.

Body oblong-elongate, compressed, covered with large scales, back low angular. Jaws enclosed in terete, simple lips, upper lip slightly forward protrusable. Barbels 4, nasal and upper jaw barbels. Snout acute, depressed, not protruding anterior to the mouth. Anterior suborbital bone pentagonal, tip acute, pointing upward. Mouth anterior, gape oblique, ending hardly anterior to the eye, in form reminding of a horse shoe when the mouth is closed. Lower jaw shorter than upper jaw, symphysis without tubercle. Postlabial groove on both sides parallel with the free margin of the jaw, not united with the groove on the opposite side. Gill opening ending below the preoperculum. No anal sheath covered with larger scales. Lateral line lightly curved. Dorsal fin starting above ventral fins and ending far anterior to anal fin, scaleless at the base, posterior simple ray flexible, nearly totally cartilaginous. Anal fin shorter than dorsal fin. Pharyngeal teeth spoon-shaped, on the chewing surface pluri-crenulate at the margins 2.3.5/5.3.2.

Remark. I now consider to belong to a proper genus the species, which I already described in the year 1851 under the name Barbus Hoeveni. The flexible cartilaginous posteriormost branched dorsal fin ray, the flat sharp snout, the oblique mouth slit and the notched chewing pad edges of the pharyngeal teeth remove it from the genus Barbus, while these characters in connection with the entirely scaleless dorsal fin base prohibit placing it in one of the genera that are closely related to Barbus. The general structure and habitus make the genus approach Luciosoma and Rasbora, from which it otherwise still differs in important characters. The lower jaw bones seen from below, together form a complete horse shoe, as both branches leave an elongate round space between them. There are only 3 unbranched dorsal fin rays and not four, as in Barbus and related genera.

Till now I do not know a second species of this genus, which according to our present state of knowledge is restricted to Sumatra and Borneo.

433 Leptobarbus Hoevenii Blkr. – Van der Hoeven’s Slender Carp. –

Atl. Cypr. Tab. XLVIII.

Fig. 113. Leptobarbus Hoevenii Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XXXI, Fig. 2. TL figure 266 mm.

A Leptobarbus with a slightly elongate, compressed body, depth of body contained slightly over 5 to 4⅖ times in its length, width contained 1½ to 2 times in its depth. Head depressed, acute, contained 4¼ to 5¼ times in length of body with caudal fin, 3⅓ to 4 times in length of body without caudal fin; depth of head contained 1⅗ to 1½ times, width contained nearly 2 to 1¾ times in its length; eye diameter contained 3 to 3¼ times in the length of the head, eye diameter contained slightly over once to 1⅖ times in the postocular part of the head, distance between the eyes 1¼ to 1⅔ times their diameter; palpebral membrane covering the external margin of the iris, broader anteriorly than posteriorly, the opening nearly circular; snout acute, sloping, nearly straight or slightly convex, in younger animals shorter than the eye, in old animals not longer than the eye, not protruding anterior to the mouth; nostrils closer to the orbit than to the tip of the snout; rostro-dorsal line on all of the head sloping, nearly straight or slightly convex, on nape convex; interorbital line slightly convex; anterior suborbital bone irregularly pentagonal, lower margin oblique, anterior and posterior lower margins short, anterior margin truncate, posterior margin oblique, upper margins strongly concave, much longer than lower margins, united into an acute, upward pointing angle close to the nostrils, with a longitudinal crest close to the lower margin of the bone; 2nd suborbital bone very low, elongate, higher anteriorly than posteriorly; upper jaw not longer than lower jaw, only slightly forward protrusable, ending anterior to the eye or below the anterior margin of the eye, contained nearly 3 to 3½ times in the length of the head, oral margin acute; gape oblique; barbels thin, nasal and upper jaw barbels nearly equal in length, considerably longer than the eye; lower jaw without tubercle at the symphysis, oral margin acute, lower part on each branch with 6 or 7 pores placed in a longitudinal row; lips thin, terete, on the oral surface lightly transversely striped; width of gill cover contained 1½ to 1⅔ times in its height, lower margin nearly straight; gill opening ending below the posterior part of the preoperculum. Pharyngeal teeth hooked to spoon-shaped, 2.3.5/5.3.2, margins of chewing surface especially in older animals pluri-crenulate, however, 2 internal teeth in longest row not crenulate; scapular bone triangular, strongly obtuse; belly flat anterior to ventral fins, angular at the sides, behind ventral fins rounded, not ridged; back slightly elevated, not much higher than convex belly; scales on the free half and the basal half with slightly ray-like longitudinal stripes, 36 to 38 scales in the lateral line, 19 in a vertical row (without the lowest ventral scales) of which 5 (4½) above the lateral line, 10 or 11 in a longitudinal row between occiput and dorsal fin, lowest ventral scales in three longitudinal rows, scales in the medial row gradually increasing in size posteriorly, not larger than those in the flanking rows; lateral line curved, descending below the rostro-caudal line, each scale marked by a simple tube reaching or nearly reaching the centre of the scale; dorsal fin starting above the ventral fins, base without scaled sheath, acute, not or hardly emarginate, not or only slightly lower than the body, twice to more than twice as high as base length, spine very thin, nearly totally cartilaginous, flexible, not much shorter to no shorter than the head; pectoral and ventral fins acute, nearly equal in length, contained 6⅔ to 7⅓ times in the length of the body, pectoral fins not reaching ventral fins, ventral fins not reaching anal fin; anal fin acute, not or slightly emarginate, considerably lower than dorsal fin but much less than twice as low, twice or more than twice as high as base length, the simple third ray very slender, totally cartilaginous; caudal fin scaled only at the base, with a deep incision, lobes acute, contained 4¼ to 3¾ times in the length of the body. Colour: upper part of the body olive, lower part silver, iris yellow, upper part dark; oblong, transverse, blackish scapular spot; scales on back, flanks and tail each with an oblong, transverse violet spot at the base; fins beautiful pink or red, caudal fin generally with a dark margin.


	B. 3. D. 3/7 or 3/8. P. 1/16 or 1/15. V. 2/8. A. 3/5 or 3/6. C. 6/17/6 or 7/17/7, short flanking ones included.
	Syn.	Barbus Hoevenii Blkr, Vierde bijdr. Ichth. Borneo, Nat. T. Ned. Ind. III p. 207.
434	Hab.	Sumatra (Palembang), in rivers.
		Borneo (Bandjermassin, Kahajan, Pengaron, Pontianak), in rivers.
	Length of 12 specimens 114’’’ and 278’’’.

Remark. One of my smallest specimens in the centre of each lobe of the caudal fin has a broad, violet-black transverse band, of which there is no trace in any of my other specimens. For the rest it offers no differences, so it can only be considered as a variety.

The species does not seem to be rare in the large drainage areas of Borneo and East Sumatra.

Gnathopogon Blkr. – Jaw thread Carp.

Body elongate, compressed, covered with large scales, back low. Jaws enclosed in thin, simple lips. Barbels 2, upper jaw barbels. Snout acute, slightly depressed, not protruding anterior to the mouth. Mouth anterior, gape oblique, ending anterior to the eye. Eyes superior, not covered by palpebral membrane. Belly not keeled. Dorsal fin with few rays, starting in front or above ventral fins and ending anterior to anal fin, scaleless at the base, posterior simple ray totally cartilaginous. Pectoral fins shorter than the head. Anal fin with few rays (3/5 or 3/6). Lateral line hardly curved. Teeth….?

Remark. I propose the genus in question based on two Japanese species depicted and described in the Fauna Japonica under the names Capoëta elongata and Capoëta gracilis. Gnathopogon is closest related to Rasbora, however it belongs to a different generic type as its dorsal fin is placed opposite the pelvic fins, the almost straight lateral line that runs across the centre of the body, and the upper jaw barbels, in addition to which probably can be mentioned unknown particularities in the structure of the mouth parts and pharyngeal teeth.

Pseudorasbora Blkr. – False Paraai

Body slightly elongate or elongate, compressed, covered with large scales, back low. Jaws enclosed in thick, fleshy lips, upper lip moderately protrusable. No barbels. Snout acute, depressed, not protruding anterior to the mouth. Anterior suborbital bone pentagonal, tip acute, pointing upward. Mouth superior, gape short, nearly vertical, ending far anterior to the eye. Jaws without incision of tube at the symphysis. 435 Postlabial groove on both sides simple, longitudinal, separated from the groove on the opposite side by a wide isthmus. Eyes posterior, not covered by palpebral membrane. Belly flat, strongly obtuse. Dorsal fin with few rays, starting above or hardly in front ventral fins and ending far anterior to anal fin, scaleless at the base, posterior simple ray totally cartilaginous. Anal fin with few rays (16 or 17). Lateral line hardly curved. Gill opening ending below the middle of the gill cover. Pharyngeal teeth hooked-compressed 5/5.

Remark. The genus Pseudorasbora in habitus has a very large similarity with Rasbora Blkr, but it differs from it by a very small vertical mouth slit, different structure of jaws and lips, only single rowed pharyngeal teeth and little curved lateral line. The genus seems to be restricted to the freshwater of Japan.

Rasbora Blkr. – Paraai.

Body slightly elongate or elongate, compressed, covered with large scales, back low. Jaws enclosed in terete, simple lips, upper lip slightly protrusable. No barbels. Snout acute, slightly depressed, not protruding anterior to the mouth. Anterior suborbital bone pentagonal, tip acute, pointing upward. Mouth anterior, gape strongly oblique, ending anterior to the eye or below the anterior part of the eye. Upper jaw with a short process towards the symphysis, symphysis itself emarginate, taking in the hook of the lower jaw. Lower jaw not shorter than upper jaw, emarginate towards the symphysis, symphysis itself hooked with a bony tubercle. Postlabial groove on both sides parallel to the free margin of the jaw, not united with the groove on the opposite side. Eyes slightly superior, not covered by palpebral membrane. Belly not keeled. Dorsal fin with few rays, starting behind ventral fins and ending anterior to anal fin, scaleless at the base, posterior simple ray totally cartilaginous. Anal fin with few rays (3/5 or 3/6). Lateral line strongly curved, much closer to ventral line than to dorsal line. Gill opening ending below the preoperculum. Pharyngeal teeth slightly spoon-shaped to hooked 2.4.5/5.4.2 or 2.4.4/4.4.2 or 3.5/5.3.

436 I base the genus Rasbora on a number of species with an obvious similarity in general habitus, shape and structure of the fins and organization of the mouthparts. It is related to Opsarius McCl. were Heckel also placed the species already known prior to my research in Opsarius

However, these species and a number of others, discovered by myself in the Indian archipelago, can be placed in a separate natural genus, which can easily be distinguished from Opsarius as it is defined above, by its short anal fin, which in none of the species has more than 5 or 6 branched rays, and by the small mouth slit ending before the eye or at most reaches the anterior eye rim.

I posses of Rasbora no less than eleven species. One of those species, originating from Bengal, probably is the same as Buchanan’s Cyprinus rasbora. The remaining ten species all live in the rivers of the Sunda Islands and have been described by myself for the first time, although one of them, Rasbora lateristriga, was already known to Van Hasselt. They all show a large similarity with each other in general shape of body, head, fins, squamation and configuration of the lateral line, however they are sufficiently distinguishable from each other by characters found in the numbers of the scales, and pectoral fin rays, the implantation place and height of the dorsal fin, the height of the body, the length of the head and the coloration. The last mention character is very characteristic for many species.

For the rest I have placed in the above given list of species of Rasbora, various species under escort of a question mark, as their true relationship can only be determined after detailed research.

The species of my collection with the following scheme can be separated from the remaining known ones and from each other.


	I.	5 scales above the lateral line, less than 40 in the lateral line.
		A.	30 to 36 scales in the lateral line.
			a.	Dorsal fin closer to the base of the ventral fins than to the anal fin. Depth of body contained 4⅔ to 6¼ times in its length.
				†	Body with longitudinal violet or black bands.
					Ó	3 lightly curved bands on the body, upper bands shaped from more or less merging spots, anteriorly prolonged into a scapular-rostral band, posteriorly prolonged up to the posterior margin of the tail.
						O	31 to 33 scales in the lateral line, head contained 4¾ to 5⅓ times, pectoral fins contained 5⅓ to 6 times in the length of the body. P. 1/14 or 1/15. V. 2/8.
Rasbora cephalotaenoa Blkr. 437
					Ó’	One single band on the body.
					437	O	Rostro-caudal band more or less curved on the middle of the flanks. Dorsal and anal fin with a blackish band anteriorly.
						Ô	30 to 32 scales in the lateral line. Head contained 4⅓ to 5¾ times, pectoral fins contained 5⅓ to 5½ times in the length of the body. P. 1/12. V. 2/7.
Rasbora Einthoveni Blkr.
					O’	Scapulo-caudal band straight. Round violet spot close to the anterior part of the base of the caudal fin. Fins without bands.
						Ô	30 or 31 scales in the lateral line. Head contained 5¼ to 6¼ times, pectoral fins contained 5½ to 6 times in the length of the body. P. 1/15 or 1/16. V. 2/8.
Rasbora lateristriata Blkr.
					O’’	Blackish band starting in a large spot above the anal fin and extending from there to the posterior margin of the caudal fin. Postscapular region with a blackish round spot. Anal and dorsal fins without bands.
						Ô	30 scales in the lateral line. Head contained 4½ to 5¼ times in the length of the body, pectoral fins contained 4½ to 5⅓ times in the length of the body. P. 1/12 or 1/13. V. 2/7.
Rasbora kallochroma Blkr.
				†’	Body without violet of blackish bands.
					Ó	Dorsal fin hardly closer to ventral fins than to anal fin, lower than the body. Caudal fin very wide posteriorly, with a black margin, contained 4 to 4¾ times in the length of the body.
						O	32 to 36 scales in the lateral line. P. 1/13 to 1/16. Head contained 4⅔ to nearly 6 times, pectoral fins contained 5 to 5½ times in the length of the body.
Rasbora dusonensis Blkr.
					Ó’	Dorsal fin considerably closer to ventral fins than to anal fin, not lower than the body. Caudal fin without black margin, contained 3¾ to 4 times in the length of the body.
						O	32 scales in the lateral line. P. 1/13. V. 2/7. Head 6 to slightly over 6 times, pectoral fins contained about 5¾ times in the length of the body.
Rasbora leptosoma Blkr.
			b.	Dorsal fin placed halfway between ventral fins and anal fin. Depth of the body contained slightly over 4 to slightly over 5 times in its length.
		438		†	Head-tail band silver, the upper part traversed by a thin bluish band.
					Ó	30 scales in the lateral line. Head contained 5 to 6 times, pectoral fins contained 5⅓ to 5⅔ times in the length of the body. P. 1/12 or 1/13. V. 2/7 to 2/9.
Rasbora argyrotaenia Blkr.
			c.	Dorsal fin closer to anal fin than to ventral fins. Depth contained 5½ to 5⅔ times in its length.
				†	Head-tail band silver, traversed in the middle by a thin bluish band.
					Ó	32 scales in the lateral line. Head contained nearly 6 to slightly over 6 times, pectoral fins contained 5¾ to 6 times in the length of the body. P. 1/13. V. 2/8.
Rasbora borneënsis Blkr.
		B.	Less than 30 scales in the lateral line. No violet or black bands on the body.
			a.	Dorsal fin much closer to the base of the ventral fins than to the anal fin. Depth of body contained about 4½ times in its length.
				†	27 or 28 scales in the lateral line. Head contained slightly over 5 times, pectoral fins contained about 5¾ times in the length of the body. P. 1/14. V. 2/8.
Rasbora Buchanani Blkr.
			b.	Dorsal fin placed halfway between ventral fins and anal fin. P. 1/13.
				†	25 or 26 scales in the lateral line. Depth of the body contained 5 to 5⅓ times in its length. Head contained about 5 times, pectoral fins contained 5 to 5½ times in the length of the body. Anal fin without black spot. 2nd and 3rd suborbital bones very broad. Pharyngeal teeth 2.4.5/5.4.2.
Rasbora sumatrana Blkr.
				†’	22 to 24 scales in the lateral line. Depth of body contained about 4½ times in its length. Head contained about 4½ times, pectoral fins contained 6 times in the length of the body. Anal fin with a large black spot at the tip. 2nd and 3rd suborbital bones slender. Pharyngeal teeth 3.5/5.3.
Rasbora bankanensis Blkr.

Rasbora cephalotaenia Blkr. – Gebande Paraai [Banded Paraai].

Atl. Cypr. Tab. L fig. 5.

A Rasbora with an elongate, compressed body, depth of body contained 5 to 5⅔ times in its length, width contained 1⅔ to nearly 2 times in its depth. Head acute, not convex, contained 4¾ to 5¼ times in length of body with caudal fin, 3⅔ to 4 times in length of body without caudal fin, crown scaleless; depth of head contained 1⅗ to 439 1½ times in its length, width nearly 2 to 1¾ times; eyes slightly posterior, eye diameter contained 3 to 3¼ times in the length of the head, eye diameter contained slightly more than once to 1⅓ times in the postocular part of the head, distance between the eyes slightly more than once to nearly 1½ times their diameter; palpebral membrane covering the posterior margin of the iris only, the opening nearly circular; rostro-dorsal profile sloping on the head sloping, nearly straight or slightly concave, on nape and back convex; interorbital line slightly convex; snout acute, not convex, slightly to no shorter than the eye, tip located anterior to the superior part of the eye; nostrils not much closer to the orbit than to the tip of the snout, posterior nostrils more than twice as large as anterior nostrils; anterior suborbital bone nearly triangular, base shorter, pointing upward, sides longer, descending, united inferiorly into a generally slightly acutely rounded or slightly truncate downward pointing angle, traversed by an obliquely backward descending longitudinal crest; 2nd suborbital bone oblong-quadrangular, higher posteriorly than anteriorly, length less than twice as large as depth, twice to less than twice as low as 1st suborbital bone; 3rd and 4th suborbital bones broad, nearly reaching the posterior margin of the preoperculum, less than twice to twice as low as the eye diameter; jaws nearly equal, oral margins acute especially anteriorly; upper jaw moderately forward protrusable, profoundly emarginate at the symphysis, ending anterior to the eye or below the anterior margin of the eye, contained nearly 2⅔ to 3 times in the length of the head; lower jaw emarginate versus the symphysis, symphysis itself provided with an hook or very conspicuous tubercle, entering the intermaxillary incision, obliquely compressed branches on the lower part with one longitudinal row of pores, not always visible; lips thin, oral surface transversely striped; groove of upper lip ending slightly anterior to the angle of the mouth, groove of lower lip extending from the angle of the mouth towards the inframaxillary incision; gape strongly oblique; width of gill cover contained 1⅖ to 1½ times in its depth, lower margin nearly straight or slightly concave; gill opening ending below the preoperculum; Pharyngeal teeth predatory, conspicuously hooked, 2.4.5/5.4.2, each below the hook with a superficial, oblong or oval well visible small fossa; dorsal profile convex, not or hardly higher than convex ventral line; belly flat anterior to ventral fins, angular at the sides, behind ventral fins rounded, not ridged; scale nearly vertical, on the free half and the basal half with slightly ray-like longitudinal stripes, caudal scales conspicuously smaller than those on the middle of the flanks, 31 to 33 scales in the lateral line, 10 (9½) in a transverse row of which 5 (4½) above the lateral line, 12 or 13 in a longitudinal row between occiput and dorsal fin, lowest ventral scales in three to five longitudinal rows, scales in the medial row hardly increasing in size posteriorly, larger than those in the flanking rows; lateral line strongly curved, three times or more than three times as close to the base of the ventral fins as to the dorsal line, gradually ascending posteriorly and ending on the middle of the caudal fin, each scale marked by a simple tube reaching or not reaching the centre of the scale; scapular bone triangular, slightly obtuse at the tip; dorsal fin placed between ventral fins and anal fin, much closer to ventral fins than to anal fin, scaleless at the base, acute, convex, not or hardly lower than the body, twice or nearly twice as high as base length, the simple 2nd ray thin, cartilaginous, considerably shorter than the head; pectoral fins scaleless at the base, acute, contained 5⅓ to 6 times in the length of the body, not or hardly reaching the ventral fins, the ray simple, thin; ventral fins inserted in the lowest part of the belly, acute, shorter than pectoral fins, not reaching the anal fin; anal fin at the base enclosed in a scaled, low sheath, emarginate, considerably to slightly lower than the dorsal fin, considerably to slightly higher than base length, the simple third ray thin, cartilaginous; caudal fin scaled at the base, with a deep incision, lobes acute, lower lobe hardly longer than upper lobe, contained 4 to 4⅔ times in the length of the body. Colour: upper part of the body faintly green or olive, golden or silver at the flanks, lower part silver; rostro-opercular band violet-blue or black, generally interrupted by the eye; iris silver or yellow; every scale on the back with an oblong, transverse, thin, violetish spot at the base; flanks with 3 longitudinal, violet-blue or black bands, 2 upper head-tail bands closely together, composed from roundish spots (one on each scale), the lower one with some accessory spot below and in front, in one longitudinal line, lower axillo-anal band ending close to the posterior anal ray, continuous, not interrupted; fins pink or pink-hyaline, more or less speckled with 440 dark, caudal fin in the middle generally with a longitudinal violet-blue or black band, confluent with the head-tail bands.


	B. 3. D. 2/7 or 2/8. P. 1/14 or 1/15. V. 2/8. A. 3/5 or 3/6. C. 6/17/6 or 7/17/7, short flanking ones included.
	Syn.	Leuciscus cephalotaenia Blkr, Bijdr. ichth. Fauna Biliton, Nat. T. Ned. Ind. III p. 97.
	Hab.	Borneo (Kahajan), in rivers.
		Banka (Merawang, Baturussak), in rivers.
		Biliton (Tjirutjup), in rivers.
	Length of 17 specimens 70’’’ to 128’’’.

Remark. I described this species already in the year 1851 after specimens from the island Biliton, but since then I received still other specimens from Banka and Borneo.

Among all its relatives it is recognizable by its peculiar band markings, 31-33 scales in the lateral line, 14 or 15 branched pectoral fin rays, etc.

Rasbora Einthoveni Blkr. – Einthoven’s Paraai.

Atl. Cypr. Tab XLIX fig. 5.

Fig. 115. Rasbora Einthoveni Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XXI, Fig. 1. TL figure 83 mm.

A Rasbora with a slightly elongate, compressed body, depth of body contained 4⅔ to 5 times in its length, width contained 1⅔ to nearly 2 times in its depth. Head acute, not convex, contained 4⅓ to 5¾ times in length of body with caudal fin, 3½ to 4½ times in length of body without caudal fin, crown scaleless; depth of head contained 1½ to 1⅓ times in its length, width nearly 2 to 1¾ times; eyes slightly posterior, eye diameter contained 2⅔ to 3 times in the length of the head, eye diameter contained slightly more than once to 1¼ times in the postocular part of the head, distance between the eyes nearly once to 1¼ times their diameter; palpebral membrane covering the posterior margin of the iris only, the opening nearly circular; rostro-dorsal profile on the head sloping, nearly straight or slightly convex, on nape and back convex; interorbital line convex; snout acute, not convex, shorter than the eye, tip located anterior to the upper part of the eye; nostrils closer to the orbit than to the tip of the snout, posterior nostrils about twice as large as anterior nostrils; anterior suborbital bone nearly triangular, base shorter, pointing upward, sides longer, descending, united into a slightly acutely rounded downward pointing angle, traversed by a longitudinal, obliquely backward descending crest; 2nd suborbital bone obliquely quadrangular or nearly triangular, much higher posteriorly than anteriorly, length less than twice as large as depth, nearly twice to much less than twice as low as 1st suborbital bone; 3rd suborbital bone much broader than 4th suborbital bone, nearly reaching the posterior margin of the preoperculum, twice to much less than twice as thin as the eye diameter; jaws nearly equal, oral margins acute especially anteriorly; upper jaw moderately forward protrusable, at the symphysis conspicuously emarginate and slightly behind the symphysis strongly emarginate, from there anteriorly bilobed, ending hardly anterior to the eye or below the anterior margin of the eye, contained 3 to nearly 3 times in the length of the head; lower jaw moderately emarginate towards the symphysis, the symphysis itself provided with a very conspicuous hook entering the intermaxillary incision, obliquely compressed branches on the lower part without visible pores; lips thin, oral surface without visible transverse stripes; groove of upper lip ending slightly anterior to the angle of the mouth, groove of lower lip extending from the angle of the mouth to the inframaxillary incision; gape strongly oblique; width of gill cover contained 1⅗ to 1½ times in its depth, lower margin nearly straight or slightly concave; gill opening ending below the posterior suborbital bones. Pharyngeal teeth predatory, conspicuously hooked, 2.4.5/5.4.2 or 2.4.4/4.4.2, each below the hook with a oblong, superficial slightly visible small fossa; dorsal line of the body convex, not or hardly lower than convex ventral line; belly flat anterior to ventral fins, behind ventral fins rounded, not ridged; scales nearly vertical, on the free half and the basal half with slightly ray-like longitudinal stripes, scales on the middle of the flanks larger than on the rest of the body, 30 to 32 scales in the lateral line, 9 (8½) in a transverse row of which 5 (4½) above 441 the lateral line, 12 or 13 in a longitudinal row between occiput and dorsal fin, lowest ventral scales in three longitudinal rows, scales in the medial row nearly equal in size, not or hardly larger than those in flanking rows; lateral line strongly curved, more than three times as close to the base of the ventral fins as to the dorsal line, gradually ascending posteriorly and ending on the middle of the base of the caudal fin, each scale marked by a simple tube reaching or surpassing the centre of the scale; scapular bone triangular, slightly acutely rounded; dorsal fin placed between ventral fins and anal fin, much closer to ventral fins than to anal fin, scaleless at the base, acute, convex, slightly lower than the body, about twice as high as base length, the simple 2nd ray thin, slightly shorter than the head; pectoral fins acute, contained 5⅓ to 5½ times in the length of the body, not or hardly reaching the ventral fins, the simple ray thin; ventral fins inserted in the lowest part of the belly, acute or acutely rounded, contained 6¾ to 7½ times in the length of the body, not or hardly reaching the anal fin; anal fin at the base enclosed in a scaled, low sheath, acute, moderately to not emarginate, considerably lower to twice as low as dorsal fin, much higher to slightly higher than base length, the simple third ray thin, cartilaginous; caudal fin scaled at the base, with a deep incision, lobes acute or slightly acutely rounded, contained 4 to 4¾ times in the length of the body. Colour: upper part of the body green, olive or dark, lower part pearly or pink; iris yellow or silver; very conspicuous dark rostro-caudal band, intersecting the lateral line anteriorly and posteriorly, on the tail generally a lot broader than anteriorly, frequently more or less curved downward, in old animals thinner than in juveniles, tapering again above the base of the caudal fin and prolonged up to the tips of the middle rays of the caudal fin; fins pink to hyaline or pink, dorsal and anal fin anteriorly generally with an oblique, dark, intermarginal band towards the tip.


	B. 3. D. 2/7 or 2/8. P. 1/12. V. 2/7. A. 3/5 or 3/6. C. 7/17/7 or 8/17/8, short ones on the sides included.
	Syn.	Leuciscus Einthovenii Blkr., Vijfde bijdr. ichth. Borneo, Nat. T. Ned. Ind. II p. 434.
	Hab.	Borneo (Kahajan), in rivers.
		Biliton (Tjirutjup), in rivers.
		Banka (Marawang, Toboali, Barurussak), in rivers.
		Singapore, in rivers.
	Length of 32 specimens 30’’’ to 85’’’.

Remark. The first specimen of this species that I laid my eyes on originated from Borneo. Since then I received numerous other specimens, both from Borneo and from Biliton, Banka and Singapore.

The species in relationship stands between Rasbora cephalotaenia and Rasbora la-teristriga, but is distinguished from both, apart from a somewhat convex head profile, by having only 12 branched rays in the pectoral fin and the oblique bands on the dorsal and anal fin, and moreover still from Rasbora cephalotaenia by a single body stripe and from Rasbora lateristriga as that stripe already starts on the snout, curves downwards on the flanks and for the rest extends till the posterior edge of the caudal fin.

It seems to stay within smaller size than both forenamed species.

Rasbora lateristrata Blkr. – Zijstreepige Paraai [Lateral stripe Paraai].

Atl. Cypr. tab. XLIX fig. 2.

Fig. 116. Rasbora lateristrata Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XVII, Fig. 2. TL figure 118 mm.

A Rasbora with an elongate body, depth of body contained 5¼ to 5⅔ times in its length, width contained about 2 times in its depth. Head acute, not convex, contained 5¼ to 6¼ times in length of body with caudal fin, slightly over 4 times to 4¾ times in length of body without caudal fin, crown scaleless; depth of head contained 1⅓ to 1½ times in its length, 442 width 2 to 1⅘ times; eyes slightly posterior, eye diameter contained nearly 3 to slightly over 3 times in the length of the head, eye diameter slightly more than once to 1½ times in the postocular part of the head, distance between the eyes once to 1¼ times their diameter; palpebral membrane covering the external margin of the iris only, the opening nearly circular; rostro-dorsal profile on the head sloping, nearly straight, on nape and back convex; interorbital line convex; snout acute, not convex, shorter than the eye, tip placed anterior to the posterior part of the eye; nostrils closer to the orbit than to the tip of the snout, posterior nostrils more than twice as large as anterior nostrils; anterior suborbital bone nearly triangular, base shorter, pointing upward, sides longer, descending, united inferiorly into a slightly acutely rounded or slightly truncate downward pointing angle, traversed by a longitudinal, obliquely backward descending crest; 2nd suborbital bone oblong-quadrangular, considerably deeper posteriorly than anteriorly, length only slightly larger than posterior height, much less than twice as low as 1st suborbital bone; 3rd and 4th suborbital bones broad, nearly reaching the posterior margin of the preoperculum, much thinner than the eye diameter; jaws, oral margins acute especially anteriorly; upper jaw not shorter than lower jaw, slightly forward protrusable, at the symphysis profoundly emarginate, ending anterior to the eye or below the anterior margin of the eye, contained nearly 3 to slightly over 3 times in the length of the head; lower jaw strongly emarginate towards the symphysis, symphysis itself provided with a rather elevated hook, entering the intermaxillary incision, branches obliquely compressed, lower part with some pores, not always visible, in one longitudinal row; lips thin, no visible transverse stripes; groove of upper lip ending slightly anterior to the angle of the mouth, groove of lower lip extending from the angle of the mouth to the inframaxillary incision; gape strongly oblique; width of gill cover contained 1½ to 1⅔ times in its depth, lower margin slightly convex to slightly concave; gill opening ending below posterior margin of the eye. Pharyngeal teeth predatory, conspicuously hooked, 2.4.5/5.4.2, each below the hook with a oblong or oval, superficial, well visible small fossa; dorsal line of the body convex, not or hardly lower than convex ventral line; belly flat anterior to ventral fins, behind ventral fins rounded, not ridged; scales nearly vertical, on the free half and the basal half with slightly ray-like longitudinal stripes, scales on the middle of the flanks larger than on the rest of the body, 30 or 31 scales in the lateral line, 9 (8½) in a transverse row of which 5 (4½) above the lateral line, 12 or 13 in a longitudinal row between occiput and dorsal fin, lowest ventral scales in three longitudinal rows, scales in the medial row gradually increasing in size posteriorly, scales in those rows hardly or not larger than those in flanking rows; lateral line strongly curved, more than three times as close to the base of the ventral fins as to the dorsal line, gradually ascending posteriorly and ending on the middle of the base of the caudal fin, each scale marked by a simple tube reaching or surpassing the centre of the scale; scapular bone triangular, slightly acutely or slightly obtusely rounded; dorsal fin placed between ventral fins and anal fin, considerably closer to ventral fins than to anal fin, scaleless at the base, acute, convex, not or only slightly lower than the body, about twice as high as base length, the simple 2nd ray thin, cartilaginous, hardly or not shorter than the head; pectoral fins acute, not scaled at the base, considerably longer than the ventral fins, contained 5½ to 6 times in the length of the body, not reaching the ventral fins, the simple ray thin; ventral fins inserted in the lowest part of the belly, acute, not reaching the anal fin; anal fin at the base enclosed in a scaled, low sheath, acute, emarginate, only slightly lower than the dorsal fin, considerably higher than base length, the simple third ray thin, cartilaginous; caudal fin scaled at the base, with a deep incision, lobes acute, nearly equal, contained 4 to 4½ times in the length of the body. Colour: upper part of the body green, lower part silver; iris silver; head-tail band silver, subcutaneous, generally hardly visible, head-tail band violet-blue, frequently only posteriorly visible, belly above the anterior base of the anal fin generally with a round or oblong violet-blue or blackish spot; fins hyaline or pink-hyaline, caudal fin posteriorly generally slightly bordered with dark.


	B. 3. D. 2/7 or 2/8. P. 1/15 or 1/16. V. 2/8. A. 3/5 or 3/6. C. 7/17/7 or 8/17/8, short flanking ones included.
443	Syn.	Leuciscus lateristriatus V. Hass., Algem. Konst- en Letterb. 1823 II p. 132, Bullet. Féruss. 1824 Zoöl.; Blkr, Overz. ichth. faun. van Sumatra, Nat. T. Ned. Ind. III p. 94.
		Tjetjerreh Mal. Bat.; Parai, Gallengung Sund.
	Hab.	Java (Perdana, Tandjong-oost, Tjampea, Buitenzorg, Tjipanas, Bandung, Pandjallu, Banjumas), in rivers and lakes.
		Sumatra (Telokbetong, Lahat, Pajakombo, Meninju), in rivers and lakes.
	Length of 20 specimens 55’’’ to 121’’’.

Remark. Rasbora lateristriata was first described by myself, but all the same, judging from an illustration, which is in my possession, was already known to Van Hasselt who at the above referred place mentioned it under the name Leuciscus lateristriatus. It is related to the longitudinally with violet or black banded species Rasbora cephalotaenia, Rasbora Einthoveni and Rasbora kallochroma, but it distinguishes itself from all those by its relatively smaller head, by the longitudinal bluish-violet body stripe only extending from the gill cover till the caudal fin basis and which is straight, by its more angular backline and by the spot close to the basis of anterior part of the anal fin. Moreover it has the head profile straight and not somewhat convex as in Rasbora Einthovenii and it also misses the oblique bands on the dorsal and anal fin of this species, the only one of the archipelagic species, with which it might be mistaken.

Till now Rasbora lateristriata has only become known to me from Java and Sumatra. It seems to grow larger than the three above mentioned species.

Rasbora kallochroma Blkr. – Fraaikleurige Paraai [Nice coloured Paraai].

Atl. Cypr. Tab. L fig. 1.

Fig. 117. Rasbora kallochroma Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XX, Fig. 1. TL figure 85 mm.

A Rasbora with an elongate, compressed body, depth of body contained about 5 times in its length, width contained about 2 times in its length. Head acute, not convex, contained 4½ to about 5¼ times in length of body with caudal fin, 3½ to 4 times in length of body without caudal fin, crown scaleless; depth of head contained 1⅖ to 1½ times, width contained 1⅗ to 1⅔ times in its length; eyes slightly posterior, eye diameter contained nearly 3 times to 3 times in the length of the head, eye diameter contained slightly over once to 1⅓ times in the postocular part of the head, distance between the eyes 1¼ to 1⅖ times their diameter; palpebral membrane covering the external margin of the iris only, the opening nearly circular; rostro-dorsal profile on the head sloping, nearly straight or slightly convex, on nape and back convex; interorbital line convex; snout acute, not convex, much shorter than the eye, tip located anterior to the upper part of the eye; nostrils closer to the orbit than to the tip of the snout, posterior nostrils more than twice as large as anterior nostrils; anterior suborbital bone nearly triangular, base shorter, pointing upward, sides much longer, descending, united inferiorly into a slightly acutely rounded or slightly truncate downward pointing angle, traversed by a longitudinal, obliquely backward descending crest; 2nd suborbital bone oblong-quadrangular, much deeper posteriorly than anteriorly, length less than twice as great as depth, less than twice as low as 1st suborbital bone; 3rd and 4th suborbital bones broad, reaching the posterior margin of the preoperculum, not much thinner than the eye diameter; jaws, oral margins acute especially anteriorly; upper jaw not shorter than lower jaw, moderately forward protrusable, at the symphysis conspicuously emarginate and slightly behind the symphysis strongly emarginate, from there bilobed anteriorly, ending hardly anterior to the eye or below the anterior margin of the eye, contained about 3 times in the length of the head; lower jaw strongly emarginate towards the symphysis, 444 symphysis itself provided with a uniform tubercle, entering the intermaxillary incision, branches nearly horizontally compressed, lower part without visible pores; lips thin, no visible transverse stripes; groove of upper lip ending slightly anterior to the angle of the mouth, groove of lower lip extending from the angle of the mouth nearly up to the inframaxillary incision; gape strongly oblique; width of gill cover contained about 1⅖ times in its depth, lower margin slightly concave or nearly straight; gill opening ending below posterior suborbital bones; Pharyngeal teeth predatory, conspicuously hooked, 2.4.5/5.4.2, each below the hook with a oblong, superficial, little visible small fossa; dorsal line of the body convex, not or hardly higher than convex ventral line; belly flat anterior to ventral fins, behind ventral fins rounded, not ridged; scales nearly vertical, on the free half and the basal half with slightly ray-like longitudinal stripes, scales on the middle of the flanks conspicuously larger than on the rest of the body, 30 scales in the lateral line, 9 (8½) in a transverse row of which 5 (4½) above the lateral line, about 12 in a longitudinal row between occiput and dorsal fin, lowest ventral scales in three longitudinal rows, gradually increasing in size posteriorly, scales in medial row larger than those in lateral rows; lateral line strongly curved, more than three times as close to the base of the ventral fins as to the dorsal line, gradually ascending posteriorly and ending at the lower base of the caudal fin, each scale marked by a simple tube reaching or surpassing the centre of the scale; scapular bone triangular, slightly acutely rounded; dorsal fin placed between ventral fins and anal fin, closer to ventral fins than to anal fin, acute, convex, not or hardly lower than the body, the simple 2nd ray thin, cartilaginous, slightly shorter than the head; pectoral fins scaled at the base, acute, contained 4½ to about 5⅓ times in the length of the body, reaching or nearly reaching the ventral fins, the simple ray thin; ventral fins acute, not or hardly reaching the anal fin, contained 6½ to 7 times in the length of the body; anal fin at the base enclosed in a scaled, low sheath, acute, slightly emarginate, not much lower than dorsal fin, considerably higher than base length, the simple third ray thin, cartilaginous; caudal fin scaled at the base, with a deep incision, lobes acute, contained 3 to 4¼ times in the length of the body. Colour: upper part of the body green or darkish, lower part pink or silver; several scales on the back with an oblong, transverse, trigonal dark spot at the base; iris silver or yellow; flanks in the postscapular region with a roundish black spot and above the anal fin about the middle of the depth of the body with a very large quadrangular or oblong or irregular black spot, posteriorly and at the bottom generally prolonged into a band entering the middle of the base of the caudal fin; between postscapular and supra-anal spot generally with some black droplets in one longitudinal row; fins pink-red or hyaline, ventral fins and anal fin at the tip lightly bordered with black.


	B. 3. D. 2/7 or 2/8. P. 1/12 or 1/13. V. 2/7. A. 3/5 or 3/6. C. 6/17/6 or 7/17/7, short flanking ones included.
	Syn.	Leuciscus kalochroma Blkr, Nieuwe bijdr. ichth. faun. Born., Nat. T. Ned. Ind. I p. 272.
	Hab.	Borneo (Bandjermasin, Sambas), in rivers.
		Banka (Baturussak), in rivers.
	Length of 14 specimens 48’’’ to 85’’’.

Remark. Rasbora kallochroma, just like the related Rasbora Einthoveni, has the profile of the head somewhat convex, only seven branched rays in the pelvic fins and 12 or 13 branched rays in the pectoral fins, but it distinguishes itself from Rasbora Einthoveni by higher 2nd and 3rd suborbital bones and longer pectoral fins and for the rest it is easily recognizable by its colouration. A little posterior to the axil a round black spot is found, which only reaches the lateral line with its lower side. The flanks from that spot to above the vent is without proper band markings. Above the anal fin 445 a second larger black spot is found, now elongated round, then again more squarish in shape, which similarly lies slightly above the lateral line, and which stretches to slightly before the anal fin. From the posterior margin of this spot a blackish band runs to the posterior edge of the caudal fin.

I described Rasbora kallochroma already in 1850 after ill preserved specimens from Borneo. Later I received also excellently preserved specimens from Banka, which have enabled me to greatly improve my earlier description.

Rasbora dusonensis Blkr. – Duson’s Paraai.

Atl. Cypr. Tab. XLIX fig. 3.

Fig. 118. Rasbora dusonensis Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XIX, Fig. 1. TL figure 163 mm.

A Rasbora with an elongate, compressed body, depth of body contained nearly 5 to 5½ times in its length, width contained nearly twice to 1⅔ times in its depth. Head acute, not convex, contained 4⅔ to about nearly 6 times in length of body with caudal fin, nearly 3½ to 4½ times in length of body without caudal fin, crown scaleless; depth of head contained 1⅖ to 1⅔ times contained times in its length; eyes slightly posterior, eye diameter contained 3 to 3½ times in the length of the head, eye diameter contained 1¼ to 1½ times in the postocular part of the head, distance between the eyes once to 1⅓ times their diameter; palpebral membrane covering the external margin of the iris only, the opening nearly circular; rostro-dorsal profile on the head sloping, nearly straight, on nape and back convex; interorbital line convex; snout acute, not convex, in younger animals shorter than the eye, in adults not shorter than the eye, tip placed anterior to the upper part of the eye; nostrils closer to the orbit than to the tip of the snout, posterior nostrils about twice as large as anterior nostrils; anterior suborbital bone generally triangular (only in old animals frequently broadly truncate at the tip, nearly quadrangular), base shorter, pointing upward, sides longer, descending, united inferiorly into a slightly obtusely or acutely rounded (or truncate) downward pointing angle, traversed by a longitudinal, obliquely backward descending crest; 2nd suborbital bone oblong-quadrangular, not or hardly lower posteriorly than anteriorly, length less than twice to twice as great as depth, about twice as low as 1st suborbital bone; 3rd and 4th suborbital bones low, rather far removed from the posterior margin of the preoperculum, 4th suborbital bone much thinner than the 3rd, 3rd suborbital bone twice to more than twice as thin as the eye; jaws, oral margins acute especially anteriorly; upper jaw not shorter than lower jaw, hardly forward protrusable, at the symphysis conspicuously emarginate, ending anterior to the eye, contained slightly over 3 to about 3⅖ times in the length of the head; lower jaw moderately emarginate towards the symphysis, symphysis itself with a rather elevated tubercle entering the intermaxillary incision, slightly hooked, branches obliquely compressed, lower part with some visible pores in one longitudinal row; lips thin, lightly transversely striped; groove of upper lip ending slightly anterior to the angle of the mouth, groove of lower lip extending from the angle of the mouth up to the inframaxillary incision; gape strongly oblique; width of gill cover contained 1½ to 1⅖ times in its depth, lower margin slightly nearly straight or slightly concave; gill opening ending below posterior suborbital bones. Pharyngeal teeth predatory, conspicuously hooked, 2.4.5/5.4.2, each below the hook with a oblong, superficial, well visible small fossa; dorsal line of the body convex, generally lower than convex ventral line; belly flat anterior to ventral fins, behind ventral fins rounded, not ridged; scales oblique (lower angle of the free part placed anterior to the upper part), caudal scales very conspicuously smaller than those on the middle of the flanks, scales on the free half and the basal half with slightly ray-like longitudinal stripes, 32 to 36 scales in the lateral line, 9 (8½) in a transverse row of which 5 (4½) above the lateral line, 13 in a longitudinal row between occiput and dorsal 446 fin, the lowest ventral scales in three longitudinal rows, scales in medial row gradually increasing in size posteriorly, larger than those in flanking rows; lateral line strongly curved, more than three times as close to the base of the ventral fins as to the dorsal line, each scale marked by a simple tube not or hardly reaching the centre of the scale; scapular bone short, triangular, acutely or slightly acutely rounded; dorsal fin placed about halfway between ventral fins and anal fin, closer to ventral fins than to anal fin, acute, convex, depth contained slightly more than once to 1⅓ times in the depth of the body, about twice as high as base length, the simple 2nd ray thin, cartilaginous, not much shorter than the head; pectoral fins acute, lightly scaled at the base, much longer than ventral fins, contained 5 to 5½ times in the length of the body, reaching or nearly reaching ventral fins, the simple ray thin; ventral fins inserted in the lowest part of the belly, acute, not reaching anal fin, ray undivided, slender; anal fin at the base enclosed in a scaled, low sheath, acute, emarginate, considerably lower than dorsal fin but less than twice as low, slightly higher than base length, the simple third ray thin, cartilaginous; caudal fin scaled at the base, with a deep incision, lobes acute, nearly equal, contained 4 to 4¾ times in the length of the body. Colour: upper part of the body green, lower part pearly-silver; iris silver or yellow; silver head-tail band quasi subcutaneous, frequently not visible without removing scales; fins hyaline or pink-hyaline or yellowish-hyaline, caudal fin with a broad black border.


	B. 3. D. 2/7 or 2/8. P. 1/13 to 1/16. V. 2/8. A. 3/5 or 3/6. C. 6/17/6 to 7/17/7, short flanking ones included.
	Syn.	Leuciscus dusonensis Blkr, Bijdr. ichth. Kenn. Borneo, Nat. T. Ned. Ind. I p. 14.
	Hab.	Borneo (Bandjermasin, Kahajan, Pengaron, Prabukarta, Sambas, Pontianak), in rivers.
		Sumatra (Palembang), in rivers.
	Length of 64 specimens 55’’’ to 166’’’.

Remark. Rasbora dusonensis seems to be a very common species in the rivers of Borneo as I have usually found one or more individuals in collections of freshwater fishes that I had the pleasure to receive from the various parts of Borneo. The species also grows larger than all other archipelagic species of the genus. From Sumatra I only received it from Palembang, and from the album of Siamese Fishes of Count de Castelnau I perceive it also lives in the Meinam in Siam.

The body is without markings except for a weakly transparent silverish band, which one observes in nearly all species of Rasbora, however as a rule the caudal fin posteriorly is very broad and sharply black rimmed, which greatly facilitates the recognition of the species. It belongs indeed to the type of Rasbora lateristriata and distinguishes itself moreover from the related species as the dorsal fin is situated only a little closer to the pelvic fins than to the anal fin, and is less deep than the body, the caudal fin fits 4 to 4¾ times in the length of the body, and the pelvic fins possesses 8 branched rays. In habitus it resembles Rasbora lateristriata most. Moreover it is remarkable that in Ras-bora dusonensis the number of scales in the lateral line varies from 30 to 33.

Rasbora leptosoma Blkr. – Slanke Paraai [Slender Paraai]

Atl. Cypr. tab. XLIX fig. 1.

Fig. 119. Rasbora leptosoma Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XLIII, Fig. 4. TL figure 89 mm.

A Rasbora with an elongate, compressed body, depth of body contained 5½ to 5¾ times in its length, width contained about twice in its depth. Head acute, not or hardly convex, contained 6 to slightly over 6 times in length of body with caudal fin, 447 4½ to 4⅗ times in length of body without caudal fin, crown scaleless; depth of head contained about 1⅖ times in its length, width about twice; eyes slightly posterior, eye diameter contained 2⅗ to 3 times in the length of the head, eye diameter contained once to 1⅕ times in the postocular part of the head, distance between the eyes about once the eye diameter; palpebral membrane covering the external margin of the iris only, the opening nearly circular; rostro-dorsal profile on the head sloping, slightly convex or nearly straight, on nape and back convex; interorbital line convex; snout acute, not or hardly convex, shorter than the eye, tip placed anterior to the upper part of the eye; nostrils closer to the orbit than to the tip of the snout, posterior nostrils twice or more than twice as large as anterior nostrils; anterior suborbital bone nearly triangular, base shorter, pointing upward, sides longer, descending, united inferiorly into a slightly acutely rounded downward pointing angle, traversed by a longitudinal, obliquely backward descending crest; 2nd suborbital bone elongate-quadrangular, not or hardly higher posteriorly than anteriorly, length about twice as great as depth, more than twice as low as 1st suborbital bone; 3rd suborbital much broader than 2nd and 4th suborbital bones, rather far removed from the posterior margin of the preoperculum, about twice as thin as the eye diameter; jaws, oral margins acute especially anteriorly; upper jaw longer than lower jaw, slightly forward protrusable, at the symphysis moderately emarginate, ending below the anterior margin of the eye, contained about 2⅔ times in the length of the head; lower jaw strongly emarginate towards the symphysis, symphysis itself provided with a well visible hook, entering the intermaxillary incision, branches obliquely compressed, lower part with some visible pores in one longitudinal row; lips thin, not conspicuously transversely striped on the oral surface; groove of upper lip ending slightly anterior to the angle of the mouth, groove of lower lip extending from the angle of the mouth up to the inframaxillary incision; gape strongly oblique; width of gill cover contained about 1½ times in its depth, lower margin nearly straight or slightly convex; gill opening ending below posterior suborbital bones; Pharyngeal teeth predatory, conspicuously hooked, 2.4.5/5.4.2, each below the hook with a oblong, superficial, slightly visible small fossa, scapular bone triangular, with an acute angle; dorsal line of the body convex, not or hardly lower than convex ventral line; belly slightly flattened anterior to ventral fins; scales nearly vertical, on the free half and the basal half with longitudinal stripes, stripes little visible, however, scales on the middle of the flanks larger than on the rest of the body, about 32 scales in the lateral line, 9 (8½) in a transverse row of which 5 (4½) above the lateral line, 12 or 13 in a longitudinal row between occiput and dorsal fin; lateral line strongly curved, more than twice as close to the base of the ventral fins as to the dorsal line, gradually ascending posteriorly, ending on the lower part of the base of the caudal fin, each scale marked by a simple tube more or less reaching the centre of the scale; dorsal fin placed between ventral fins and anal fin, considerably closer to ventral fins than to anal fin, scaleless at the base, acute, convex, slightly to hardly higher than the body, about twice as high as base length, the simple 2nd ray thin, cartilaginous, longer than the head; pectoral fins scaleless at the base, acute, contained about 5¾ times in the length of the body, not reaching the ventral fins, the simple ray thin; ventral fins inserted in the lowest part of the belly, acute, contained slightly over 7 to 7⅓ times in the length of the body, not or hardly reaching the anal fin; anal fin at the base enclosed in a scaled sheath, acute, emarginate, not much lower than dorsal fin, much higher than base length, but much less than twice as high, the simple third ray thin, cartilaginous; caudal fin scaled at the base, with a deep incision, lobes acute, contained 3¾ to 4 times in the length of the body; Colour: upper part of the body green, lower part pearly-silver; silver peritoneum visible under the diaphanous skin; iris silver or yellow; silver head-tail band mainly visible when scales have been removed; fins yellowish- hyaline, dorsal and caudal fin and scales on back and sides more or less speckled with dark.


	B. 3. D. 2/7 or 2/8. P. 1/13. V. 2/7. A. 3/5 or 3/6. C. 7/17/7, short flanking ones included.
	Syn.	Leuciscus leptosoma Blkr, Nalez. vischfauna Sumatra, Nat. T. Ned. Ind. IX Pag. 269.
	Hab.	Sumatra (Lahat), in rivers.
	Length of 4 specimens 65’’’ to 94’’’.

448 Remark. This species is most closely related to Rasbora borneënsis, but distinguishes itself from it by the more anterior placement of the dorsal fin, one ray less in the pelvic fin, less clearly striped scales, a deeper incised lower jaw hook, a higher dorsal fin and longer anal fin, etc. My four specimens all originate from Lahat, in the interior of Palembang.

Rasbora argyrotaenia Blkr. – Zilverbandige Paraai [Silver-striped Paraai].

Atl. Cypr. Tab. L fig. 6.

Fig. 120. Rasbora argyrotaenia Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XXI, Fig. 3. TL figure 104 mm.

A Rasbora with an oblong-elongate, compressed body, depth of body contained slightly over 4 to slightly over 5 times in its length, width contained twice to 2⅓ times in its depth. Head acute, not convex, contained 5 to 6 times in length of body with caudal fin, 3¾ to 4½ times in length of body without caudal fin, crown scaleless, depth of head contained about 1¼ to 1⅖ times in its length, width twice to 1⅔ times; eyes slightly posterior, eye diameter contained 2⅔ to 3 times in the length of the head, eye diameter contained slightly more than once to 1⅓ times in the postocular part of the head, distance between the eyes once to 1⅓ times their diameter; palpebral membrane covering the external margin of the iris only, the opening nearly circular; rostro-dorsal profile on the head sloping, nearly straight, on nape and back convex; interorbital line convex; snout acute, not convex, shorter than the eye, tip placed anterior to the upper part of the eye; nostrils closer to the orbit than to the tip of the snout, posterior nostrils more than twice as large as anterior nostrils; anterior suborbital bone nearly triangular, base shorter, pointing upward, sides longer, descending, united inferiorly into a slightly obtusely rounded or slightly truncate downward pointing angle, traversed by a longitudinal, obliquely backward descending crest; 2nd suborbital bone oblong-quadrangular, not or slightly higher posteriorly than anteriorly, length generally less than twice as great as depth, twice or less than twice as low as 1st suborbital bone; 3rd and 4th suborbital bones broad, nearly reaching the posterior margin of the preoperculum, much thinner than the eye diameter, but much less than twice as thin; jaws, oral margins acute especially anteriorly; upper jaw not shorter than lower jaw, moderately forward protrusable, lightly emarginate at the symphysis, ending anterior to the eye, contained about 3⅓ times in the length of the head; lower jaw lightly emarginate towards the symphysis, symphysis itself provided with a small tubercle, entering the intermaxillary incision, branches obliquely compressed, lower part generally with some little visible pores in one longitudinal row; lips thin, no visible transverse stripes; groove of upper lip ending slightly anterior to the angle of the mouth, groove of lower lip extending from the angle of the mouth up to the inframaxillary incision; gape strongly oblique; width of gill cover contained 1½ to 1⅖ times in its depth, lower margin nearly straight or slightly concave; gill opening ending below the posterior suborbital bones; Pharyngeal teeth predatory, conspicuously hooked, 2.4.5/5.4.2, each below the hook with a oblong, superficial, little visible small fossa, dorsal profile convex, not or not much lower than convex ventral line; belly flat anterior to ventral fins, behind ventral fins rounded, not ridged; scales nearly vertical, on the free half and the basal half with slightly ray-like longitudinal stripes, scales on the middle of the flanks larger than on the rest of the body, 30 in the lateral line, 9 (8½) in a transverse row of which 5 (4½) above the lateral line, 12 or 13 in a longitudinal row between occiput and dorsal fin; lowest ventral scales in three longitudinal rows, scales in medial row gradually increasing in size posteriorly, scales in those rows not or hardly larger than those in flanking rows; lateral line strongly curved, three times or more than three as close to the base of the ventral fins as to the dorsal line, gradually ascending posteriorly and ending on the middle of the base of the caudal fin, each scale marked by a simple tube reaching or surpassing the centre of the scale; scapular bone short, triangular, acutely or slightly acutely rounded, dorsal fin placed about halfway between ventral fins and anal fin, scaleless at the base, acute, convex, depth contained slightly more than once to 1⅓ times in the depth of the body, twice or less than twice as high as base length, the simple 2nd ray thin, cartilaginous, slightly to not shorter than the head; pectoral fins acute, lightly scaled at the base, considerably longer 449 than ventral fins, contained 5⅓ to 5⅔ times in the length of the body, not reaching ventral fins, the simple ray thin; ventral fins inserted in the lowest part of the belly, acute, not reaching anal fin; anal fin at the base enclosed in a scaled sheath, acute, emarginate, much lower than dorsal fin but much less than twice as low, slightly higher than base length, the simple third ray thin, cartilaginous; caudal fin scaled at the base, with a deep incision, lobes acute, lower lobe generally slightly longer than upper lobe, contained slightly over 4 times to 4¼ times in the length of the body; Colour: upper part of the body faintly green, lower part of head and belly silver, behind the belly hyaline; scales on the anterior part of the body on the middle of the flanks each with a transverse, crescent-shaped thin band, composed from dark speckles; silver head-tail quasi subcutaneous band broader posteriorly than anteriorly, on top a thinner or broader shining-green, after death blue bordered with blue or nearly covered with blue, frequently not visible because of the bluish band covering it; iris silver, fins, except on the caudal fin, white-hyaline, on the middle length or depth of the anterior margin sometimes decorated with a blood-red spot; caudal fin beautiful yellow, base frequently darkish-violet.


	B. 3. D. 2/7 or 2/8. P. 1/12 or 1/13. V. 2/7 to 2/9. A. 3/5 or 3/6. C. 6/17/7 or 7/17/8, short flanking ones included.
	Syn.	Leuciscus argyrotaenia Blkr, Verh. Bat. Gen. XXIII Ichth. Midd. Oost-Java p. 21.
		Leuciscus cyanotaenia Blkr, ibid. p. 21.
		Leuciscus Schwenkii Blkr, Act. Soc. Reg. Sc. Ind. Neerl. III Zesde Bijdr. Vischf. Sumatra p. 47.
		Tjetjerreh Mal.; Parai Sund.; Wader, Lundjar-andong, Lundjar-pareh Jav.
	Hab.	Java (Batavia, Perdana, Tjibiliong, Tjiringin, Serang, Tandjong-oost, Tjampea, Buitenzorg, Tjitjurup, Parongkalong, Banjumas, Gombong, Ambarawa, Purworedjo, Surakarta, Patjitan, Surabaya, Pasuruan, Grati, Ngantang, Lesti, Malang, Bondowosso), in rivers and lakes.
		Sumatra (Palembang, Lahat, Telokbetong, Padang, Trussan, Meninju, Pajakombo), in rivers and lakes.
		Bali (Boleling), in rivers.
	Length of more than 100 specimens 45’’’ to 106’’’.

Remark. Closely related to Rasbora lateristriata Blkr. and Rasbora dusonensis Blkr, the species in question differs from these however by a remarkably less slender body, a little developed knob at the symphysis of the lower jaw, the absence of the upper anal fin spot, a further posterior position of the dorsal fin, remarkably less deep anal fin, etc.

On Java the species is very common and is found till rather high in the various drainages. The specimens from the higher regions usually have a more slender body and as a rule exhibit the blue stripe on the silver lateral band more clearly. Earlier I described this variety as a proper species under the name Leuciscus cyanotaenia, but since then I have observed so numerous stepwise transitions between both forms that it has become clear that all belong only to a single species.

Similarly Leuciscus Swenkii, which I described as a new species at the referred place after a specimen from Sumatra, now seems to me not to differ specifically from Rasbora argyrotaenia. The transverse crescent-shaped black-brown scale bands or spots recorded of that specimen often are also present in the specimens of Rasbora argyrotaenia from Java.

450 Rasbora borneënsis Blkr. – Borneosche Paraai [Bornean Paraai].

Atl. Cypr. Tab. L fig. 4.

Fig. 121. Rasbora borneënsis Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XIV, Fig. 2. TL figure 70 mm.

A Rasbora with an elongate, compressed body, depth of body contained 5⅓ to 5⅔ times in its length, width contained about twice in its depth. Head acute, slightly convex, contained nearly 6 to slightly over 6 times in length of body with caudal fin, 4⅗ to 4¾ times in length of body without caudal fin, crown scaleless, depth of head contained about 1⅖ times in its length, width about twice; eyes slightly posterior, eye diameter contained 2⅗ to nearly 3 times in the length of the head, eye diameter contained once to slightly more than once in the postocular part of the head, distance between the eyes about once the eye diameter; palpebral membrane covering the external margin of the iris only, the opening nearly circular; rostro-dorsal profile on the head sloping, slightly convex, on nape and back convex; interorbital line convex; snout acute, slightly convex, shorter than the eye, tip located anterior to the upper part of the eye; nostrils closer to the orbit than to the tip of the snout, posterior nostrils about twice as large as anterior nostrils; anterior suborbital bone nearly triangular, base shorter, pointing upward, sides longer, descending, united inferiorly into a slightly acutely rounded downward pointing angle, traversed by a longitudinal, obliquely backward descending crest; 2nd suborbital bone elongate-quadrangular, not or hardly higher posteriorly than anteriorly, length more than twice as great as depth, more than twice as low as 1st suborbital bone; 3rd suborbital bone much broader than 2nd and 4th suborbital bones, rather far removed from the posterior margin of the preoperculum, about twice as thin as the eye diameter; jaws, oral margins acute especially anteriorly; upper jaw not longer than lower jaw, slightly forward protrusable, at the symphysis moderately emarginate, ending below the anterior margin of the eye, contained about 3 times in the length of the head; lower jaw lightly emarginate towards the symphysis, symphysis itself provided with a soft tubercle entering the intermaxillary incision, branches obliquely compressed, lower part generally without visible pores; lips thin, without conspicuous transverse stripes on the oral surface; groove of upper lip ending slightly anterior to the angle of the mouth, groove of lower lip extending from the angle of the mouth up to the inframaxillary incision; gape strongly oblique; width of gill cover contained about 1½ times in its depth, lower margin nearly straight or slightly convex; gill opening ending below posterior suborbital bones. Pharyngeal teeth predatory, conspicuously hooked, 2.4.5/5.4.2, each below the hook with a oblong, superficial, little visible small fossa, scapular bone triangular, acutely rounded; dorsal line of the body convex, not or slightly lower than convex ventral line; belly nearly flat anterior to ventral fins; scales nearly vertical, on the free half and the basal half with slightly ray-like longitudinal stripes, stripes well visible; scales on the middle of the flanks larger than those on the rest of the body, about 32 scales in the lateral line, 9 (8½) in a transverse row of which 5 (4½) above the lateral line, 12 or 13 in a longitudinal row between occiput and dorsal fin; lateral line strongly curved, more than twice as close to the base of the ventral fins as to the dorsal line, gradually ascending posteriorly, ending on the lower part of the base of the caudal fin, each scale marked by a simple tube more or less reaching the centre of the scale; dorsal fin much closer to anal fin than to ventral fins, scaleless at the base, acute, convex, not or hardly lower than the body, about twice as deep as base length, the simple 2nd ray thin, cartilaginous, hardly shorter than the head; pectoral fin scaleless at the base, acute, considerably longer than ventral fins, contained 5¾ to 6 times in the length of the body, not reaching ventral fins, the simple ray thin; ventral fins inserted in the lowest part of the belly, acute, contained 7⅓ to 8 times in the length of the body, not reaching anal fin; anal fin at the base enclosed in a scaled sheath, acute, emarginate, not much lower than dorsal fin, much higher than base length, but much less than twice as high, the simple third ray thin, cartilaginous; caudal fin scaled at the base, with a deep incision, lobes acute, contained 4⅓ to 4¼ times in the length of the body. Colour: upper part of the body green, lower part pearly-silver, silver peritoneum visible below the transparent skin; iris silver or yellow, head-tail band mainly visible when scales have been removed, covered or traversed by a blue-violet stripe; fins yellowish-hyaline, dorsal and caudal fin just like the scales on back and flanks more or less speckled with dark.


	B. 3. D. 2/7 or 2/8. P. 1/13. P. 2/8. A. 3/5 or 3/6. C. 7/17/7, short flanking ones included.
451	Hab.	Borneo (Bandjermasin), in rivers.
	Length of 2 specimens 64’’’ and 74’’’.

Remark. I have preserved both my specimens of the species in question for a long time, without having recognized them, among my very numerous specimens of Ras-bora dusonensis and I have only noticed them during the present investigation of my Cyprinoids.

The species is most closely related to Rasbora leptosoma, but easily distinguishable from it as the dorsal fin is closer to the anal than to the pelvic fins and moreover the fins in general are less developed, just like the lower jaw knob and incision. Moreover, the pelvic fins have one ray less, while also the violet stripe over the silver coloured head-tail band can facilitate the recognition.

Rasbora Buchanani Blkr. – Buchanan’s Paraai.

Atl. Cypr. tab. L fig. 3.

Fig. 122. Rasbora Buchanani Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XIV, Fig. 4. TL figure 74 mm.

A Rasbora with an oblong-elongate, compressed body, depth of body contained about 4½ times in its length, width contained about 2⅓ times in its depth. Head acute, not convex, contained slightly over 5 times in length of body with caudal fin, slightly over 4 times in length of body without caudal fin, crown scaleless, depth of head contained about 1⅔ times, width contained slightly more than twice in its length; eyes posterior, eye diameter contained about 3 times in the length of the head, eye diameter contained 1⅓ to 1⅖ times in the postocular part of the head, distance between the eyes about once the eye diameter; palpebral membrane covering the external margin of the iris only, the opening nearly circular; rostro-dorsal profile on the head sloping, nearly straight, on nape and back convex; interorbital line convex; snout acute, not convex, shorter than the eye, tip placed anterior to the upper part of the eye; nostrils closer to the orbit than to the tip of the snout, posterior nostrils more than twice as large as anterior nostrils; anterior suborbital bone nearly triangular, base shorter, pointing upward, sides longer, descending, united inferiorly into a slightly obtusely rounded downward pointing angle, traversed by a longitudinal, obliquely backward descending crest; 2nd suborbital bone oblong-quadrangular, not or hardly higher posteriorly than anteriorly, length less than twice as great as depth, about twice as low as 1st suborbital bone; 3rd suborbital bone much broader than 4th suborbital bone, not reaching the posterior margin of the preoperculum, much narrower than eye diameter, but much less than twice as thin; jaws, oral margins acute especially anteriorly; upper jaw not shorter than lower jaw, moderately forward protrusable, at the symphysis hardly emarginate, ending below the anterior margin of the eye, contained hardly more than 3 times in the length of the head; lower jaw lightly emarginate towards the symphysis, symphysis itself provided with a medium-sized tubercle, entering the intermaxillary incision, branches obliquely compressed, lower part with some little conspicuous pores arranged in one longitudinal row; lips thin, without visible transverse stripes; groove of upper lip ending slightly anterior to the angle of the mouth, groove of lower lip extending from the angle of the mouth up to the inframaxillary incision; gape strongly oblique; width of gill cover contained about 1⅖ times in its height, lower margin slightly concave; gill opening ending below 3rd suborbital bone. Pharyngeal teeth predatory, conspicuously hooked, 2.4.5/5.4.2, each below the hook with a oblong, superficial, little visible small fossa; dorsal line of the body convex, hardly or not lower than convex ventral line; belly flat anterior to ventral fins, behind ventral fins rounded, not ridged; scales nearly vertical, on the free half and the basal half with slightly ray-like longitudinal stripes, scales on the middle of the flanks larger than those on the rest of the body, 27 or 28 scales in the lateral line, 9 (8½) in a transverse row (lowest ventral scales included) of which 5 (4½) above the lateral 452 line, 10 or 11 in a longitudinal row between occiput and dorsal fin, lowest ventral scales in three longitudinal rows, scales in medial row gradually increasing in size posteriorly; lateral line strongly curved, three times or more than three times as close to the base of the ventral fins as to the dorsal line, gradually ascending posteriorly and ending on the middle part of the base of the caudal fin, each scale marked by a simple tube reaching or surpassing the centre of the scale; scapular bone short, slightly acutely rounded; dorsal fin much closer to the base of the ventral fins than to the anal fin, acute, slightly convex, depth contained slightly more than once in the depth of the body, about twice as high as base length, the simple 2rd ray thin, cartilaginous, slightly shorter than the head; pectoral fins acute, considerably longer than ventral fins, contained about 5¾ times in the length of the body, not reaching ventral fins, the simple ray thin; ventral fins inserted in the lowest part of the belly, acute, not reaching anal fin; anal fin at the base enclosed in a scaled, low sheath, acute, emarginate, much lower than dorsal fin, but much less than twice as low, considerably higher than base length, the simple third ray thin, cartilaginous; caudal fin scaled at the base, with a deep incision, lobes acute, lower lobe slightly longer than upper lobe, contained about 4¼ times in the length of the body. Colour: upper part of the body green, lower part pearly; iris silver or yellowish; head-tail band diffuse, silver; fins pink-hyaline or yellowish-hyaline, caudal fin with a rather wide black border posteriorly.


	B. 3. D. 2/7 or 2/8. P. 1/14. V. 2/8. A. 3/5 or 3/6. C. 7/17/7 or 8/17/8, short flanking ones included.
	Syn.	Cyprinus rasbora Buch. Gang. Fish. p. 329, 391 tab. 2 fig. 90?
		Leuciscus rasobora McCl., Indian Cyprin. Asiat. Research. XIX p. 292?
		Leuciscus rasbora McCl., Ind. Cyprin. Asiat. Res. XIX p. 407? Val., Poiss. XVI p. 335? Cant., Catal. Mal. Fish. p. 268?; Blkr, Verh. B.G. XXV Nalez. ichth. Beng. p. 140.
		Opsarius rasbora Heck., Fisch. Syr. p. 53?
		Cyprin rasbora Val., Poiss. XVI p. 335?
	Hab.	Calcutta, in the river Hooghly.
	Length of sole specimen 76’’’.

Remark. Very closely related to Rasbora agyrotaenia Blkr, the species in question distinguishes itself thereof mainly by a lower, more slender head, two or three scales less in the lateral line and a remarkably more anterior position of the dorsal fin.

My description is made after a specimen from Calcutta. I do not possess the species from the Indian archipelago.

Rasbora Buchanani is first described and depicted by Buchanan in his work on the fishes of the Ganges. The description however is little distinguishing, and would also entirely fit on various other species of the genus. The illustration of Buchanan is rather good and makes the species rather well recognizable. However, it shows a few scales too little in a longitudinal series.

Mr MacClelland mentioned the species also as inhabitant of Assam and gave a new description of it. He mentions the number of scales in a longitudinal row as only 25, however there are certainly 27 or 28 in the lateral line. He found in the stomach fragments of insects.

Mr Valenciennes has mentioned Rasbora Buchanani after the descriptions and illustrations of Buchanan and Mr MacClelland, but does not seem to have known the species from nature.

Mr Cantor was the first to make the species known as an inhabitant of the island Pinang. 453 He mentions only 23 scales between the gill cover and caudal fin, which number answers rather well to that observed by me if one, following my present method of counting of the scales, adds the anterior lateral line scales and the caudal fin scales.

In 1853 I received the abovementioned specimen of Calcutta from Mr Th. Cantor, and described it in my “Nalezingen op de ichthyologie van Bengalen en Hindostan.” In that description a few inaccuracies have slipped which have been improved in the one given above.

In my opinion however, it is not yet entirely certain that this description concerns Cyprinus rasbora Buch., basing my doubt regarding this primarily on the short and slender head of my specimen, which according to the illustration of Buchanan and the description of Mr Cantor would only fit 4½ times in the length of the body, whereas in my specimen it fits amply 5 times in that length.

When it would appear later that my specimen differs specifically from Buchanan’s species, a new specific name will have to be given to it.

Rasbora sumatrana Blkr. – Sumatran Paraai.

Atl. Cypr. Tab. L fig. 2.

Fig. 123. Rasbora sumatrana Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XX, Fig. 3. TL figure 102 mm.

A Rasbora with an elongate, compressed body, depth of body contained 5 to about 5⅓ times in its length, width contained about 2 times in its depth. Head acute, not convex, contained about 5 times in length of body with caudal fin, 3¾ to 4 times in length of body without caudal fin, crown scaleless, depth of head contained about 1⅔ times in its length, width about 1¾ times; eyes slightly posterior, eye diameter contained 3 to 3½ times in the length of the head, eye diameter contained 1⅓ to 1⅖ times in the postocular part of the head, distance between the eyes 1⅓ to 1⅖ times their diameter, palpebral membrane covering the external margin of the iris only, the opening nearly circular; rostro-dorsal profile on the head sloping, nearly straight, on nape and back convex; snout acute, not convex, shorter than the eye, tip placed anterior to the upper part of the eye; nostrils closer to the orbit than to the tip of the snout, posterior nostrils hardly more than twice as large as anterior nostrils; anterior suborbital bone nearly triangular, base shorter, pointing upward, sides longer, descending, united inferiorly into a slightly acutely rounded downward pointing angle, traversed by a longitudinal, obliquely backward descending crest; 2nd suborbital bone pentagonal, lower margin angular, much higher posteriorly than anteriorly, length not or hardly greater than depth, not or only slightly lower than 1st suborbital bone; 3rd suborbital bone very broad, more than twice as broad as 4th suborbital bone, nearly reaching the posterior margin of the preoperculum, not much thinner than the eye diameter; jaws, oral margins acute especially anteriorly; upper jaw not shorter than lower jaw, moderately forward protrusable, at the symphysis conspicuously emarginate and slightly behind the symphysis strongly emarginate, from there bilobed anteriorly, ending hardly anterior to the eye or below the lower margin of the eye, contained about 2¾ to 2⅘ times in the length of the head; lower jaw emarginate towards the symphysis, symphysis itself provided with a very conspicuous hook entering the intermaxillary incision, branches obliquely compressed, lower part with some conspicuous pores arranged in one longitudinal row; lips thin, oral surface with transverse stripes; groove of upper lip ending slightly anterior to the angle of the mouth, groove of lower lip extending from the angle of the mouth up to the inframaxillary incision; gape strongly oblique; width of gill cover contained 1⅗ to 1¾ times in its depth, lower margin nearly straight or slightly convex; gill opening ending below the posterior suborbital bones. Pharyngeal teeth predatory, conspicuously 454 hooked, 2.4.5/5.4.2, each below the hook with an oval, well visible small fossa; dorsal line of the body convex, slightly to not lower than convex ventral line; belly flat anterior to ventral fins; scales nearly vertical, on the free half and the basal half with slightly ray-like longitudinal stripes, scales on the middle of the flanks conspicuously larger than those on the rest of the body, 25 or 26 scales in the lateral line, 9 (8½) in a transverse row of which 5 (4½) above the lateral line, 10 in a longitudinal row between occiput and dorsal fin, lowest ventral scales in medial row not or hardly larger than those in flanking rows; lateral line strongly curved, more than three times as close to the base of the ventral fins as to the dorsal line, gradually ascending posteriorly and ending on the middle of the base of the caudal fin, each scale marked by a simple tube reaching or surpassing the centre of the scale; scapular bone triangular, slightly acutely or slightly obtusely rounded; dorsal fin placed about halfway between ventral fins and anal fin, scaleless at the base, not shorter to slightly shorter than the body, about twice as high as base length, the simple 2nd ray thin, cartilaginous, slightly to hardly shorter than the head; pectoral fins acute, contained 5 to 5½ times in the length of the body, reaching or nearly reaching ventral fins, the simple ray thin; ventral fins inserted in the lowest part of the belly, acute, contained 6 to 6¾ times in the length of the body, reaching or nearly reaching anal fin; anal fin at the base enclosed in a scaled, low sheath, acute, emarginate, much lower than dorsal fin, considerably higher than base length, the simple third ray thin, cartilaginous; caudal fin scaled at the base, with a deep incision, lobes acute, contained 3¾ to about 4 times in the length of the body. Colour: upper part of the body green or olive, lower part silver; iris yellow or pink; no visible silver head-tail band; fins pink or pink-hyaline.


	B. 3. D. 2/7 or 2/8. P. 1/13. V. 2/8. A. 3/5 or 3/6. C. 7/17/7 or 8/17/8, short flanking ones included.
	Syn.	Leuciscus sumatranus Blkr, Diagn. nieuw. vischs. Sumatra Tient. I-IV, Nat. T. Ned. Ind. III p. 601.
	Hab.	Sumatra (Solok), in rivers.
	Length of 3 specimens 85’’’ to 115’’’.

Remark. In the species in question the pharyngeal teeth are relatively well developed, which it also has in common with Rasbora kallosoma. Among its relatives it is easy recognizable by its low number of scales, the absence of all band and spot markings, the strong lower jaw hook, the lobe-shape tip of the intramaxillary bones, its high and angular second suborbital bone, very broad third suborbital bone with simultaneously a little developed fourth posterior suborbital bone, etc.

Rasbora bankanensis Blkr. – Bankasche Paraai [Bankanese Paraai].

Atl. Cypr. Tab. XLIX fig. 4.

Fig. 124. Rasbora bankanensis Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XIV, Fig. 3. TL figure 61 mm.

A Rasbora with an oblong-slightly elongate, compressed body, depth of body contained about 4½ times in its length, width contained about 2 times in its depth. Head acute, not convex, contained about 4½ times in length of body with caudal fin, about 3⅓ times in length of body without caudal fin, crown scaleless; depth of head contained about 1⅖ times in its length, width nearly twice; eyes slightly posterior, eye diameter contained about 2⅔ times in the length of the head, eye diameter contained slightly more than once in the postocular part of the head, distance between the eyes about once the eye diameter; palpebral membrane covering the external margin of the iris only, the opening nearly circular; rostro-dorsal profile on the head sloping, nearly straight, on nape and back convex; interorbital line convex; snout acute, not convex, shorter than the eye, tip placed approximately anterior to the middle of the eye; nostrils closer to the orbit than to the tip of the snout, posterior nostrils hardly more than twice as large as anterior nostrils; anterior suborbital bone nearly 455 triangular, base shorter, pointing upward, sides much longer, descending, united inferiorly into a slightly acutely rounded downward pointing angle, traversed by a longitudinal, obliquely backward descending crest; 2nd suborbital bone oblong-quadrangular, slightly deeper posteriorly than anteriorly, length about twice as great as depth, more than twice as low as 1st suborbital bone; 3rd and 4th suborbital bones rather thin, rather far removed from the posterior margin of the preoperculum, twice or more than twice as thin as the eye diameter; jaws, oral margins acute especially anteriorly; upper jaw slightly longer than lower jaw, hardly forward protrusable, at the symphysis lightly emarginate, ending below the anterior margin of the eye, contained about 2¾ times in the length of the head; lower jaw lightly emarginate towards the symphysis, symphysis itself provided with a medium-sized tubercle, entering the intermaxillary incision, branches obliquely compressed, lower part without visible pores; lips thin, without visible transverse stripes; groove of upper lip ending slightly anterior to the angle of the mouth, groove of lower lip extending from the angle of the mouth up to the inframaxillary incision; gape strongly oblique; width of gill cover contained about 1¾ times in its depth; gill opening ending below the posterior suborbital bones; Pharyngeal teeth predatory, conspicuously hooked, 3.5/5.3, each below the hook with an oblong, hardly visible small fossa; dorsal line of the body convex, not or only slightly lower than convex ventral line; belly flat anterior to ventral fins; scales nearly vertical, scales on the middle of the flanks larger than those on the rest of the body, scales on the free half and the basal half with slightly ray-like longitudinal stripes, 22 to 24 scales in the lateral line, 9 (8½) in a transverse row of which 5 (4½) above the lateral line, 10 or 11 in a longitudinal row between occiput and dorsal fin; lateral line strongly curved, three times or more than three times as close to the base of the ventral fins as to the lateral line, gradually ascending posteriorly and ending on the lower part of the base of the caudal fin, each scale marked by a simple tube reaching or surpassing the centre of the scale; scapular bone triangular, obtusely rounded; dorsal fin placed about halfway between ventral fins and anal fin, scaleless at the base, acute, convex, not or hardly lower than the body, slightly more than twice as high as base length, the simple 2nd ray thin, cartilaginous, slightly shorter than the head; pectoral fins acute, contained about 6 times in the length of the body, not reaching ventral fins, the simple ray thin; ventral fins inserted in the lowest part of the belly, acute, contained about 8 times in the length of the body; not reaching anal fin; anal fin acute, emarginate, not much lower than dorsal fin, not much higher than base length, the simple third ray thin, cartilaginous; caudal fin scaled at the base, with a deep incision, lobes acute, contained about 4? times in the length of the body. Colour: upper part of the body green (or darkish?), lower part silver (or golden?); iris yellow or silver; fins pink, dorsal fin towards the tip and caudal fin on the membrane violetish-dark; anal fin at the tip with a large, black spot.


	B. 3. D. 2/7 or 2/8. P. 1/13. V. 2/8. A. 3/5 or 3/6. C. 6/17/6 or 7/17/7, short flanking ones included.
	Syn.	Leucuscus bankanensis Blkr, Nalez. Ichth. Faun. Banka, Nat. T. Ned. Ind. V p. 192.
	Hab.	Banka (Marawang), in rivers.
	Length of sole specimen 64’’’.

Remark. Notwithstanding this species in habitus and fin shape entirely agrees with the remaining archipelagic species of Rasbora, it has a remarkably different dentition and therefore provides another example, that, no matter how important the dentition in Cyprinids is for the determination of some groups and genera, this character must be used with caution, if one does not wish to relapse in the erection of genera that are not acceptable. For the rest the species, apart from the dentition, can be distinguished from its relatives, by its short body, its 456 relatively large head and short lower jaw, the low number of scales in a longitudinal row, the large black spot on the tip of the anal fin, low 2nd and 3rd suborbital bones, etc.

Rasborichthys Blkr. – Membrane eye carp.

Body elongate, compressed, covered with medium-sized scales, back low. Jaws enclosed in thin, simple lips. No barbels. Snout acute, short, not protruding anterior to the mouth, slightly depressed. Anterior suborbital bone triangular, tip acute, pointing downward. Mouth anterior, gape strongly oblique, ending anterior to the eye. Upper jaws at the symphysis not emarginate, slightly protrusable. Lower jaw at the symphysis with a well visible tubercle, branches nearly horizontally compressed. Postlabial groove on both sides parallel to the free margin of the jaw, not united with the groove on the opposite side. Eyes slightly superior, largely covered by palpebral membrane. Belly not keeled. Dorsal fin with few rays, starting behind ventral fins and ending anterior to anal fin, scaleless at the base, posterior simple ray totally cartilaginous. Anal fin with many rays, much longer than dorsal fin. Lateral line hardly curved. Gill opening ending below the preoperculum. Pharyngeal teeth knife-like 1.3.5/5.3.1 or 3.5/5.3.

Remark. The genus Rasborichthys is based on the species, which I have made known in the 2nd Volume of the “Acta Societas Scientarum Indo-Neerlandicae” under the name Leuciscus Helfrichii. This genus in relationship stands between Rasbora and Opsarius, but cannot be united with none of these. It can at once be distinguished from both by the broad eye membrane which covers the eye almost completely leaving in the middle only a small opening, as well as by the not being concave of the upper jaw. From Rasbora it differs moreover yet by the relatively very long anal fin and the triangular, with the anterior directed tip, suborbital bone; and from Opsarius by the small mouth slit which ends before the eye. As far as the present knowledge reaches, the genus Rasborichthys is proper to Borneo.

Rasborichthys Helfrichii Blkr. – Helfrich’s Vliesoogkarper [Helfrich’s Membrane eye Carp].

Atl. Cypr. Tab. XLIX fig. 6.

Fig. 125. Rasborichthys Helfrichii Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Cypr. Tab. XXII, Fig. 3. TL figure 111 mm.

A Rasborichthys with an elongate, compressed body, depth of body contained 5⅔ to 6 times in its length, width contained about 2 times 457 in its depth. Head acute, hardly convex, contained about 5⅔ to 6⅓ times in length of body with caudal fin, 4½ to 4⅗ times in length of body without caudal fin, crown scaleless; depth of head contained 1½ to 1⅖ times in its length, width about twice; eyes slightly superior, eye diameter contained 2⅔ to 2¾ times in the length of the head, eye diameter contained slightly more than once to 1¼ times in the postocular part of the head, distance between the eyes ¾ times to nearly once the eye diameter; palpebral membrane very broad, covering the complete iris anteriorly and posteriorly, the opening oblong, vertical; rostro-dorsal profile on the head sloping, slightly convex, on nape and back convex; interorbital line convex; snout acute, not or hardly convex, considerably shorter than the eye, tip placed anterior to the upper part of the eye; nostrils hardly closer to the orbit than to the tip of the snout, posterior nostrils much larger than anterior nostrils; anterior suborbital bone triangular, base shorter, pointing upward, sides longer, descending, united inferiorly into an acutely rounded downward pointing angle, traversed by a longitudinal, obliquely backward descending crest; 2nd suborbital bone elongate-quadrangular, higher anteriorly than posteriorly, length more than twice as great as depth, more than twice as low as 1st suborbital bone; 3rd and 4th suborbital bones low (thin), far removed from the posterior margin of the preoperculum, three times as thin as the eye diameter; jaws nearly equal, oral margins acute especially anteriorly; upper jaw slightly forward protrusable, ending hardly anterior to the eye or below the anterior margin of the eye, at the symphysis not emarginate, contained 3⅓ to 3½ times in the length of the head; lower jaw emarginate towards the symphysis, symphysis itself with a well visible tubercle, branches nearly horizontally compressed, lower part without visible pores; lips thin, no visible transverse stripes; groove of upper lip ending slightly anterior to the angle of the mouth, groove of lower lip extending from the angle of the mouth up to the inframaxillary symphysis; gape strongly oblique; width of gill cover contained nearly 2 times in its depth; gill opening ending below the preoperculum; Pharyngeal teeth knife-like 1.3.5/5.3.1 or 3.5/5.3, each with a strongly acute tip, chewing surface oblique, concave; dorsal line of the body convex, not or hardly higher than convex ventral line; belly flat anterior to ventral fins, behind ventral fins ridged; scales nearly vertical, without visible, longitudinal stripes, caudal scales slightly smaller than those on the rest of the body, 55 to 60 scales in the lateral line, 16 or 17 in a transverse row (without the lowest ventral scales) of which 10 above the lateral line, about 26 in a longitudinal row between occiput and dorsal fin; the lowest ventral scales in three longitudinal rows, scales in medial row gradually increasing in size posteriorly, n